The Ironic Defense of Socrates: Plato's Apology

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Acknowledgments......Page 11
Introduction......Page 13
The importance and puzzling character of the apology of socrates......Page 14
Plato’s intention......Page 17
Socrates’ Simple Truthfulness......Page 20
Socrates’ Lies......Page 26
The Truth behind Socrates’ Lies......Page 28
Denial of Socratic Irony......Page 33
Socratic Irony as Whimsy......Page 37
Socratic Irony as Ineffectual......Page 44
Socrates’ defense speeches......Page 49
The Most Dangerous Accusers......Page 51
The Things Aloft and Under the Earth......Page 53
Making the Weaker Speech the Stronger......Page 55
Why They Are So Dangerous......Page 57
Puzzles......Page 58
The purpose of socrates’ speech......Page 59
Restatement of the Charges......Page 61
Reply to the Charges of the First Accusers......Page 62
Reply to the “Charge” of Sophistry......Page 64
Callias and Evenus......Page 67
Questions and Conclusions......Page 71
A Just Question......Page 72
The Delphic Oracle Story......Page 75
The Crisis of Natural Science......Page 78
Digression on the Education of Socrates......Page 81
The Delphic Turn......Page 82
The Best Way of Life......Page 84
Socrates’ Refutations: Part One (21b–23a)......Page 85
The Politicians......Page 86
Real Happiness versus the Illusion of Happiness......Page 94
The Poets......Page 97
The Craftsmen......Page 102
Socrates’ Approach to the Theological Problem......Page 104
Conclusion of Part One......Page 112
Socrates’ Refutations: Part Two (23b–c)......Page 114
Socrates’ Young Imitators (23c–e)......Page 117
The Fathers......Page 120
Socrates’ Explanation of the First Accusers......Page 121
Questions and Conclusions......Page 123
Transition to the present accusers (23e3–24b2)......Page 126
Statement of the Charge......Page 128
Who Improves the Young?......Page 129
Can Corruption Be Voluntary?......Page 132
If Injustice Is Bad, It Is Involuntary and Hence Blameless......Page 134
Objections......Page 135
Reflections: Punishment and Anger......Page 138
Conclusion......Page 140
Reply to the impiety charge (26b2–28a1)......Page 141
Corruption, Impiety, and Socrates’ Investigation of the God......Page 145
Conclusion of the defense against the present accusers (28a2–b2)......Page 147
Nobility and death (28b3–33a1)......Page 149
Achilles (28b–29a)......Page 150
Fear of Death (29a–b)......Page 152
New Presentation of Socrates’ Activity (29b–31c)......Page 154
Socrates’ Daimonion and Politics (31c–33a)......Page 159
The movement of the digression......Page 161
Teaching and corrupting the young (33a1–34b5)......Page 163
Socrates’ rhetorical strategy......Page 166
8 Penalty Section (35e1–38b9)......Page 173
The greatest good......Page 174
Speech to the condemners (38c1–39d9)......Page 178
Speech to the acquitters: stories about death (39e1–41e1)......Page 179
The Daimonion......Page 180
Hopeful Story about Dreamless Sleep......Page 181
Hopeful Story about Hades......Page 182
Socrates’ Stance toward Death......Page 183
Moral Hopes for the Acquitters......Page 184
Indirect speech to the condemners: socrates’ sons (41e1–42a5)......Page 185
Socrates’ human wisdom and knowledge of virtue......Page 187
Strength of soul......Page 193
Socrates’ death......Page 194
Short Titles......Page 197
Other References......Page 199
Index......Page 205