The Iraq Crisis And World Order: Structural, Institutional, And Normative Challenges

The Iraq crisis and world order......Page 2
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 10
Part I: Framing the issues......Page 14
1 Iraq’s challenge to world order......Page 16
Relations between the United States and the United Nations......Page 17
Was the war inevitable?......Page 22
Iraq as a political earthquake......Page 24
Outline of the book......Page 26
Conclusion......Page 27
Notes......Page 28
Introduction......Page 29
Iran-Iraq: Cold War peacekeeping......Page 31
Iraq-Kuwait: Towards peace enforcement......Page 33
UNIKOM and muscular peacekeeping: The New World Order?......Page 35
Insurgencies and humanitarian crisis: The new Iraqi disorder......Page 36
Inspections plus sanctions: The United Nations as global regulator and proxy administrator......Page 38
Conclusion......Page 42
Notes......Page 43
Part II: Structural and normative challenges......Page 48
3 The unipolar concert: Unipolarity and multilateralism in the age of globalization......Page 50
Structure and process in the international system......Page 53
Unipolarity, globalization and the Concert of Powers......Page 54
Multilateralism and unipolarity: Artificial contradiction......Page 58
The North versus the South: Economics......Page 60
The North versus the South: Politics and security......Page 61
Conclusion......Page 64
Notes......Page 67
Introduction......Page 70
The formation of institutions: Two perspectives......Page 72
Institutional change in the aftermath of ‘‘great events’’......Page 73
Norm entrepreneurs......Page 74
The forces of change......Page 75
The redefining of security, responsibility and the use of force......Page 76
The structural logic of US systemic dominance......Page 79
The United States as norm entrepreneur......Page 81
The United States: Prospects for change and continuity......Page 83
The larger picture and the longer term: A global public goods dilemma......Page 84
Notes......Page 85
5 The world says no: The global movement against war in Iraq......Page 88
Uniting for peace......Page 90
The role of MoveOn......Page 91
The world speaks......Page 92
Media communications......Page 97
Reflections......Page 99
Notes......Page 103
Part III: Perspectives from within the region......Page 106
Prelude......Page 108
Combating terrorism and the dilemma of weapons of mass destruction......Page 109
The post-Cold War order and the United States......Page 111
The changing profile of the world order and its impact on the Iraq crisis......Page 112
Challenges to the United Nations......Page 113
The transition to democracy in Iraq......Page 115
An alternative road: Consociational democracy - Lebanon’s experience......Page 119
The impact of the Iraq crisis on Lebanon’s regional and international relations: Syria’s legacy in Lebanon......Page 121
Notes......Page 124
Introduction......Page 127
The US hegemony and world order......Page 128
Why did the Turkish parliament reject Turkey’s involvement?......Page 129
The future of Kurds in northern Iraq......Page 131
The rise of Islamism and terrorism......Page 133
The Turkish rapprochement with Syria and Iran......Page 134
Unconventional security challenges......Page 135
The European regional order as a model for the Middle East......Page 137
The legitimacy of a so-called broader Middle East initiative......Page 138
The Turkish experience in nation-building......Page 140
Conclusion......Page 143
Notes......Page 144
Introduction......Page 147
Post-Cold War regional politics: 1990-2001......Page 150
Iran and 9/11: Sympathy from above, grief from below......Page 152
Iran and regime change in Iraq......Page 155
The war and its aftermath......Page 156
Inter-Shia politics......Page 159
Iraq and Iranian domestic politics......Page 160
Security as a prime driver......Page 161
Iran and the post-9/11 international order......Page 164
National security and Iran’s nuclear programme......Page 165
A geopolitical endgame?......Page 169
Notes......Page 171
The international system after the war in Iraq......Page 174
The United States in the international system......Page 175
Constraints on US power and the need for partners......Page 176
Building a coalition on the Middle East......Page 179
Uni-multipolarity in the international system......Page 182
The implications for Israel......Page 184
Notes......Page 187
10 Egypt and the Iraq war......Page 188
A US-dominated world order?......Page 189
Challenges to the UN role......Page 191
The demise of the Arab order......Page 195
Egyptian state strategies......Page 196
Notes......Page 198
11 Reactions in the Muslim world to the Iraq conflict......Page 200
Élite attitudes......Page 201
The Arab League and the OIC......Page 202
Élites’ private positions......Page 205
Popular sentiment......Page 206
Notes......Page 213
Part IV: External actor perspectives......Page 214
12 The United States and the United Nations in light of wars on terrorism and Iraq......Page 216
Overview of UN action on terrorism......Page 217
9/11......Page 218
The evolution continues: The Secretary-General, the CTC and the 2005 World Summit......Page 219
Other actors, other factors......Page 222
The implications of Iraq......Page 224
Conclusion......Page 226
Notes......Page 228
The United Kingdom and Iraq until 1990......Page 230
The United Kingdom and Iraq, 1990-2001......Page 232
Back to Baghdad, 2001-2005......Page 235
The development of UK foreign policy on Iraq......Page 236
Legal issues......Page 239
Political investigations......Page 240
Military policy......Page 241
Conclusions......Page 242
Notes......Page 244
14 Explaining France’s opposition to the war against Iraq......Page 247
The essentials of French foreign policy......Page 248
The French foreign policy decision-making process......Page 249
The road to war and the French attitude......Page 251
France’s support to Iraq......Page 253
Iraq and France’s vision of a multipolar world......Page 254
A different assessment of the threat posed by Iraq and terrorism......Page 255
When words are not enough......Page 256
Notes......Page 258
15 Iraq and world order: A Russian perspective......Page 262
General framework for Russia’s policy on Iraq......Page 264
Russia’s policy scenarios on post-war Iraq: Accommodation or non-association?......Page 267
Iraq and the ‘‘war on terrorism’’: A view from Russia......Page 271
Notes......Page 276
Introduction......Page 278
What makes a perspective particularly German?......Page 279
Illusions of hegemonic order: Neoconservatives, the National Security Strategy and the Iraq war......Page 280
Hopes for order: The Security Council, the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission, and the lessons......Page 283
The meaning of world order: Peacefulness, stability, predictability, legitimacy......Page 284
Globalization and interdependence......Page 285
Globalization and fragmentation......Page 287
Power over resources versus power over outcomes......Page 289
Conclusions......Page 291
Notes......Page 292
Introduction......Page 295
The significance of the Iraq war: A preventive war, a strategic error?......Page 296
Diplomatic support......Page 297
Supporting post-conflict stabilization in Iraq......Page 299
The JSDF operation in Iraq......Page 300
Conclusion......Page 307
Notes......Page 309
Introduction: Latin America and US hegemony......Page 311
US order in Latin American perspective; Latin American disorder in US perspective......Page 315
Mexico: The anatomy of a crisis......Page 318
Chile: Multilateralism in principle and in practice......Page 321
Conclusion: A Latin lament......Page 324
Notes......Page 326
Major implications of the Iraq war......Page 328
Why did the United States employ military power against Iraq?......Page 330
Pakistan and the Iraq war......Page 333
Positive signs......Page 337
Notes......Page 339
Introduction......Page 341
The spectre of irrelevance......Page 342
Iraq and the transatlantic dispute: Profiling the perspectives......Page 344
Visions, transformation and capabilities......Page 345
In search of a shared strategic vision......Page 346
The fight against terrorism and weapons of mass destruction......Page 347
‘‘Soft power’’ projection and the promotion of democracy......Page 348
Crisis management and peace operations......Page 350
NATO’s effectiveness in the twenty-first century: Capabilities and ‘‘institutional interoperability’’......Page 351
Conclusions......Page 353
Notes......Page 354
21 The Iraq crisis and world order: A perspective from the European Union......Page 357
Iraq, Europe and the United States: A persisting incomprehension......Page 358
Iraqi society was already suffering......Page 359
A war with irreversible consequences......Page 360
The violence of the occupation: Proof of US failure......Page 361
The resistance to the US occupation......Page 363
The way forward......Page 364
Maintaining the coalition, entrenching violence......Page 365
The departure of the coalition forces......Page 366
The construction of a political peace plan......Page 367
Notes......Page 368
11 September 2001 to 20 March 2003: The United Nations as one coalition among many?......Page 370
20 March 2003 to 19 August 2003: The United Nations sidelined......Page 373
19 August 2003: The United Nations’ 9/11......Page 375
After 19 August 2003: The United Nations as escape route?......Page 377
The politics of state-building......Page 380
Normative challenges: Rethinking sovereignty......Page 383
The structural challenge of unipolarity......Page 384
Performance challenges......Page 385
Restoring universality: Avoiding the embedding of normative differences......Page 386
Notes......Page 388
Part V: International legal and doctrinal issues......Page 392
23 The war in Iraq as illegal and illegitimate......Page 394
The illegality of the Iraq war......Page 396
The illegitimacy of the Iraq war......Page 399
The costs of the war......Page 401
The need for accountability......Page 402
The Iraq war and weapons of mass destruction......Page 403
The need for action by the United Nations......Page 405
Some final questions......Page 406
A step backward for international law......Page 407
Notes......Page 408
Introduction: Legitimacy and legality......Page 410
The central role of the United Nations Security Council......Page 413
Establishing legitimacy......Page 417
Conclusion......Page 421
Notes......Page 423
25 The multinational action in Iraq and international law......Page 426
Notes......Page 437
26 Iraq and the social logic of international security......Page 439
Bush’s foreign policy and the theory of US power......Page 440
The geopolitics of US national interest in practice......Page 442
The war against Iraq and Bush’s foreign policy assumptions: From right to wrong......Page 445
Bush’s Iraq policy and its impacts on international order: From positive to negative......Page 447
What is next for the international order?......Page 450
Reconciling power and principles......Page 451
The need to adjust US foreign policy......Page 452
Is there any hope for the future?......Page 453
Notes......Page 454
Introduction......Page 457
A developing norm of military intervention for humanitarian protection?......Page 459
The use and abuse of humanitarian claims over Iraq......Page 461
Justifying Iraq as a legitimate humanitarian intervention......Page 468
Conclusion......Page 472
Notes......Page 474
28 The responsibility to protect and the war on Saddam Hussein......Page 477
The triple dilemma of complicity, paralysis or illegality......Page 478
From ‘‘humanitarian intervention’’ to ‘‘responsibility to protect’’......Page 480
Sovereignty as responsibility......Page 483
Doing it right, doing it well......Page 484
Threshold criteria and precautionary principles......Page 486
Right authority and due process......Page 487
Changing demands, expectations and tools......Page 489
Notes......Page 491
29 Post-war relations between occupying powers and the United Nations......Page 492
The law of military occupation......Page 494
The Security Council’s power to administer territory......Page 497
The occupation of Iraq......Page 499
Conclusion......Page 503
Notes......Page 507
30 ‘‘Common enemies’’: The United States, Israel and the world crisis......Page 510
Identities, enemies and strategies......Page 511
Incubating the war on terror......Page 514
From theory to policy......Page 518
‘‘The Israelization of America’’......Page 520
Notes......Page 526
Part VI: Conclusion......Page 530
Introduction......Page 532
Revealing the disconnect......Page 533
Structural challenges......Page 534
The Security Council: Just another coalition?......Page 535
Uncomfortable choices and ironic results......Page 536
Unipolarity and the North-South divide......Page 538
Legality vs. legitimacy......Page 540
The Iraq crisis and norms of humanitarian protection......Page 542
Alternative visions......Page 543
Implications for the United Nations: Revise or reverse?......Page 544
Notes......Page 546
Index......Page 548