The Interdisciplinary Handbook of Perceptual Control Theory: Living Control Systems IV

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The Interdisciplinary Handbook of Perceptual Control Theory
Copyright
Contributors
Author biographies
Preface
Section A: Why do we need perceptual control theory?
1 - The world according to PCT
2 - Understanding purposeful systems: the application of control theory in engineering and psychology
	Understanding control: control theory
	Doing reverse engineering from a forward engineering perspective
	Perceptual control theory: control of perception
	Reverse engineering a robot
	Testing for controlled variables: reverse engineering living control systems
	Conclusion
	References
3 - The crisis in neuroscience
	Paradigm and crisis
	Behavior is not solely determined by neural output
	Calculation problem and control
	Control of input
	Misunderstanding control
	Observer's bias
	Input/output analysis and behavioral illusion
	Case study 1: Sherrington's analysis of the reflex
	Case study 2: sensorimotor transformations: from flies to monkeys
	The proper study of behavior
	Conclusions
	References
4 - When causation does not imply correlation: robust violations of the faithfulness axiom
	Introduction
	Preliminaries
		Causal inference
		Zero correlation between a variable and its derivative
	Control systems
		Example 1
		Example 2
		Example 3
		A digression on disturbances
		Example 4
		Example 5
		Summary
	Current causal discovery methods applied to these examples
	The fundamental problem
	Conclusion
		Appendix: Sufficient conditions for zero correlation between a function and its derivative
	References
Section B: Models of brain and behavior
5. - Unraveling the dynamics of dyadic interactions: perceptual control in animal contests
	Introduction
	Lessons from fighting
		Some thoughts on methodology
		Some thoughts on interpretation
	Problems needing novel solutions
	Conclusion: where to go from here?
	Acknowledgments
	References
6 - How the brain gets a roaring campfire: Structuring for perceptual results
	Introduction
	Features of perceptual control
		How to structure a goal
		Organizational rationale
		Modeling with falsifiability in mind
	Predictive proposals of PCT
		Hierarchical classes of perception
		How to maintain commensurate matching
		Getting a workable address
	Cortical implementation
		PCT reference signals and HTM “name” cells
		Neocortical layers in action
	Modeling the temporal flow of experience
		How to build contextualized beliefs
		First chunk: detect co-occurrences
		Second chunk: notice lateral sequences
		Third chunk: compile into a “name”
		Fourth chunk: pool the evidence
		Fifth chunk: provide a timing gate
		Sixth chunk: output the interpretation
	Compatible cortical mind-sets
		Constructing invariants: a summary
		Addressing reference signals
		Status of the brain's campfire
		Remaining challenges
	Acknowledgments
	References
7 - How the brain gets a roaring campfire: Input and output functions
	Introduction
	Prolegomenon: The what and the how
		A hierarchy of perceptions
		Open-loop methods to study closed-loop features
	Constructing visual input functions: This way in
		Signal-to-noise sensitivity
		Early forms of contrast
		On and off signals
		Figure-ground contrasts
		Motion and transition
		Modeling with spatial frequencies
		Handling stark edges
		Objects recognized by harmonic composition
	Sensorimotor coordination: This way out
		Perceiving objects and their relational flux
		Blended frames of reference
		Summary and implications
	So how does the brain get that campfire?
	Acknowledgments
	References
8 - The phylogeny, ontogeny, causation and function of regression periods explained by reorganizations of the hierarchy of perc ...
	Introduction
	Evolution
	Development
	Causation
	Function
	Discussion
		The field of ethology is ready for a paradigm shift toward PCT
		PCT informs human developmental studies beyond the sensorimotor stage
		PCT and understanding the evolution of human cognition
		Summary of the discussion
	References
Section C: Collective control and communication
9 - Social structure and control: perceptual control theory and the science of sociology
	Overview of my argument
	A control-theory analysis tool kit
		Atenfels: physical components of feedback loops
		Matching atenfels to perceptions
		Atenfels and the facilitation of feedback paths
		The mirror world
	Collective control processes
		Cooperation and conflict
		Giant virtual controllers: the social power of numbers
	Human activities as feedback paths
		Comparing human activities to physical artifacts
		Collective control and levels of perception
		Protocols: structural frameworks for dyadic interactions
	Atenfels and human interaction
		Symbols and meaning from the PCT perspective
		Associative memory and the organization of the brain
		Meaning, symbols, language, and culture
	Collective control networks and social groups
		Scale and stability of collective control networks
		Multiple overlapping collective control networks
	The anatomy of social structures
		The four main types of collective control networks in social structures
		Embedding and interleaving of social structures
		A conceptual map of a social Structure's collective control networks
	Three mechanisms of social stability
		Collective control and social structural levels
		Stabilization of physical environments
		Cultural environments and social structural levels
		High and low culture and layers of perception
		The two faces of social structure
	The dynamics of social structures
		Work and social structures
			Creating and maintaining stable feedback paths
			Work and resources
	Socialization of new members of social structures
		Redundancy of feedback paths and reorganization of perceptual hierarchies
		Learning by imitation and play
		Differences among types of new members of social structures
	Innovation and change in social structures
		Mismatches between self and living environment
		Competition, innovation, and social structures
		Consequential and inconsequential innovations
	Other sources of social change
	Discussion
	Acknowledgments
	References
10 - Perceptual control in cooperative interaction
	Introduction
		History: Layered Protocol Theory (LPT)
	Control and perceptual control
		Elements of control
		The Powers hierarchy of control
		Perception of uncertainty
		Protocols
		Classes of protocol
	Feedback loops and control loops
		Generalized feedback loops
		Atenfels
		Four-element loops
	Protocol representation
		A protocol example
		The General Protocol Grammar: introduction
		Extending the GPG: error correction
		Representing problems
	Protocols proper
		Protocol function: control of belief
		Protocol function: three propositions
		Protocol function: R-Display and interrupt
		Protocol function: moving through the GPG
		The test for the controlled variable in a protocol
		Triadic protocols
		Protocol levels
		Protocol as communication
	Summary
	References
11 - Language and thought as control of perception1
	Introduction
	Perceptual Control Theory (PCT)
		Imagination
		Memory
		Levels of the perceptual hierarchy
		Collective control
		Methodological summary
	Language perceptions
		Phonemic distinctions
		Disturbing the control of pronunciation
		Words and morphemes
		Word dependencies
		Word selection
		Word order
		Variant shapes of words
		Repetition and the construction of objective information
		Knowledge in a subject-matter domain
	Operator Grammar
		Operator-argument dependencies
		Selection and likelihood differences
		Linear order
		Reductions
	Control of linguistic information
		Common knowledge and discourse coherence
		Information is constructed by parallel repetition
		Sublanguage
		Nonverbal perceptions and subjective meanings
	Language variation and change
	Linguistic information and information theoretic ‘information’
	Consequences
		Some consequences of empirical linguistics for PCT
			Uses of information theory with PCT
			Status of categories
		Some consequences of PCT for empirical linguistics
			Status of acceptability judgments
			Status of metalinguistic sameness
			Latency period
		‘Mainstream’ views
			Cognitive Psychology and Generative Linguistics
			Connectionism versus computationalism
			Computer languages and robots
		Some epistemological considerations
	Conclusion
	References
Section D: Applications
12 - Perceptions of control theory in industrial-organizational psychology: disturbances and counter-disturbances
	Organizational psychology and perceptual control theory
		Established views and their discontents
		Current state of PCT in IO
	A history of PCT in organizational psychology
		The emergence of PCT
			Conceptual papers
			Empirical work
			A backlash
		The 1990's
			Conceptual work
			Empirical work
		The 2000s to the present
			Conceptual work
			Empirical work
			The self-efficacy studies
			Another backlash
			Enter computational modeling
			Thinking and learning with PCT
	Discussion
		The permeation challenge
		Self-regulation in IO
	Conclusion
	References
13 - Method of Levels Therapy
	Method of levels and perceptual control theory
	Perceptual control theory (PCT)
	A brief history of MOL therapy
	Doing the MOL therapy two-step
	Learning MOL
	Why learn PCT and MOL therapy?
	What is the evidence for MOL therapy effectiveness?
	Future directions for MOL therapy research
		Scientific validity
		Conflict with assumptions
		Accessibility
	Conclusions
	Therapy manuals on method of levels
	Key links
	References
14 - Robotics in the real world: the perceptual control theory approach
	Introduction
	Perception-based robotics
	Models and Control
	Purpose
	Perceptual control
	Hierarchical control
	The power of hierarchies
	What is behavior?
	Modeling behavior
	Comparing approaches
		Model-based predictive control
		Memory-based prediction
		Behaviour-based robotics
		Modeling dynamics
	Discussion
	References
15 - PCT and beyond: toward a computational framework for ‘intelligent’ communicative systems
	Introduction
		Good old-fashioned artificial intelligence
		Behavior-based robotics
		Artificial cognitive systems
		Agent based modeling
		Contemporary intelligent systems
	Whither perceptual control theory?
		Classic automatic control
		Hierarchical perceptual control
		The way forward?
	Toward ‘intelligent’ communicative systems
	Discussion
	Summary and conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Section E: Synthesis
16 -  Ten vital elements of perceptual control theory, tracing the pathway from implicit influence to scientific advance
	What was unique about PCT in 1960?
	The dissemination and divergence of PCT
		Psychotherapy
			Reality therapy
			Grawe's Psychological Therapies
			Method of Levels (MOL)
		Social, personality and occupational psychology
			Carver & Scheier's self-regulation theory
			Lord and Levy's (1994) Control theory
			Vancouver's self-regulatory theory
		Sociology
			Affect control theory
			Identity control theory
			Perceptual control theory
		Summary
	Is there a convergence of other theories with PCT, or is it unique?
		The ecological approach
		Event coding
		The empirical strategy of vision
		Controlled versus automatic behavior
		Free energy principle
		Society of Mind
		Interactive cognitive subsystems
		Conway's model of autobiographical memory
		Summary
	Empirical tests of the unique features of PCT
		Behavior is the control of perception
		The test for the controlled variable
		A perceptual control hierarchy
		Reorganization of the perceptual control hierarchy
		Rerouted perceptual memory as imagination
		Demonstration of several specific levels of perceptual abstraction
		A definition of consciousness
		The use of symbols as ‘order-reduction representations’
		Conflict
		Resolution of conflict
			Summary
	Addressing the critiques of PCT
		Summary
	Limitations, open issues and future direction for PCT
		The components of control: how are they formed?
			Intrinsic systems and evolution
			Neural components
			Muscular mechanisms
			Physical properties of anatomy, including sensors and effectors
			Understanding feedback paths through the environment
			Developing input functions
			The operation of specific levels in the hierarchy
		What is the role for ‘internal modeling’?
		Potential extensions of the PCT architecture
		Future research design
	Chapter summary
	Acknowledgments
	References
Online materials
17 - How the brain gets a roaring campfire: Structuring for perceptual results
	Introduction
	Features of perceptual control
		How to structure a goal
		Organizational rationale
		Modeling with falsifiability in mind
	Predictive proposals of PCT
		Hierarchical classes of perception
		How to maintain commensurate matching
		Getting a workable address
	Cortical implementation
		PCT reference signals and HTM “name” cells
		Neocortical layers in action
	Modeling the temporal flow of experience
		How to build contextualized beliefs
		First chunk: detect co-occurrences
		Second chunk: notice lateral sequences
		Third chunk: compile into a “name”
		Fourth chunk: pool the evidence
		Fifth chunk: provide a timing gate
		Sixth chunk: output the interpretation
	Compatible cortical mind-sets
		Constructing invariants: a summary
		Addressing reference signals
		Status of the brain's campfire
		Remaining challenges
	Acknowledgments
	References
18 - How the brain gets a roaring campfire: Input and output functions
	Introduction
	Prolegomenon: The what and the how
		A hierarchy of perceptions
		Open-loop methods to study closed-loop features
	Constructing visual input functions: This way in
		Signal-to-noise sensitivity
		Early forms of contrast
		On and off signals
		Figure-ground contrasts
		Motion and transition
		Modeling with spatial frequencies
		Handling stark edges
		Objects recognized by harmonic composition
	Sensorimotor coordination: This way out
		Perceiving objects and their relational flux
		Blended frames of reference
		Summary and implications
		Inhibit what you don't want, disinhibit what you do
		Get the timing right
	So how does the brain get that campfire?
	Acknowledgments
	References
19  - How the brain gets a roaring campfire: Thalamus through a PCT microscope
	Introduction
	First, know your equipment
	Multifunctional comparators
		A bank of thalamic comparators
		Electrochemical on-off switches
		Tonic versus burst oscillation: signaling error, heightening gain
		Bi-directional comparators
	Thalamic routing
	Summary: thalamic control loop signals
		Make it a roaring campfire
		A final survey through that PCT microscope
	Acknowledgments
	References
Appendix
1 - Key websites for further reading on perceptual control theory
Appendix
2 - Leading figures in perceptual control theory
	A note from the editor
	Bruce Abbott
	Tom Bourbon
	Tim Carey
	Gary Cziko
	Philip Farrell
	Ed Ford
	Dag Forssell
	Perry and Fred Good
	Wayne Hershberger
	Fred Nickols
	Richard Pfau
	Mary Powers
	Richard Robertson
	Shelley Roy
	Phil Runkel
	Sara Tai
	Further reading
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	Z
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