The Impact Of Maternal Nutrition On The Offspring

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
Foreword......Page 12
Contributors......Page 14
Introduction......Page 18
Descriptive Epidemiology: Patterns of Occurrence......Page 19
Analytic Epidemiology: Maternal Nutritional Effects on Pregnancy Outcome......Page 21
Maternal Anthropometry......Page 22
Maternal Energy and Protein Intake......Page 23
Micronutrient Intake......Page 24
References......Page 25
Discussion......Page 28
References......Page 31
Introduction......Page 34
The Embryonic and Fetal Period......Page 35
Postnatal Factors......Page 36
Underlying Mechanisms......Page 37
Transgenerational Effects......Page 38
An Evolutionary Perspective......Page 39
Implications of the Developmental Origins of Disease Concept......Page 41
Acknowledgements......Page 42
References......Page 43
Introduction......Page 46
Folate and Developmental Defects......Page 47
Vitamin A......Page 48
Key Functions of Vitamin A in Embryogenesis......Page 49
Biological Bases for Abnormal Development with Hypo-Vitaminosis A......Page 50
Biological Bases for Abnormal Development with Hyper-Vitaminosis A......Page 51
Functions of Thyroxin during Embryogenesis......Page 52
Vitamin A and Thyroxin......Page 53
Conclusion......Page 54
References......Page 55
Discussion......Page 57
References......Page 64
Approaches to Defining Energy Requirements during Pregnancy......Page 66
Gestational Weight Gain......Page 67
Energy Deposition: Fat and Protein Accretion......Page 68
Basal Metabolism......Page 70
Estimation of Energy Requirements during Pregnancy......Page 72
Energetic Adaptations......Page 77
Consequences of Deviations from Maternal Energy Requirement on Fetal Outcome......Page 79
References......Page 82
Discussion......Page 84
References......Page 88
Introduction......Page 90
Nitric Oxide and L-Arginine......Page 91
Antioxidants......Page 93
Conclusions......Page 96
References and Recommended Reading......Page 97
Discussion......Page 98
References......Page 99
Introduction......Page 100
Maternal LC-PUFA Status During and After Pregnancy......Page 101
The Fetal and Neonatal EPUFA Status......Page 102
Habitual Fatty Acid Intake and LC-PUFA Status......Page 103
Birth Weight......Page 105
Early LC-PUFA Availability and Later Neurodevelopment......Page 107
Fetal Availability of Gama-Linolenic Acid and Later Risk of Type-2 Diabetes mellitus......Page 108
Maternal EPUFA Supplementation during Pregnancy and Lactation: Biochemical and Functional Effects on Neonates and Breast-Fed Infants......Page 109
Implications for Nutrition during Pregnancy......Page 110
References......Page 111
Discussion......Page 113
References......Page 116
Introduction......Page 118
Summary/Update on LC-PUFA Biochemistry and Metabolism......Page 119
LC-PUFA Metabolism and Requirements......Page 120
Dietary Supply of LC-PUFAs in Early Life......Page 122
Changes in Lipid Membrane Properties......Page 123
Gene Expression......Page 125
Potential Effects Mediated by Eicosanoid and Docosanoid Production......Page 129
Growth and Body Composition......Page 131
Allergic and Inflammatory Responses......Page 132
Neurologic and Sensory Development......Page 135
Hypoxia Reperfusion Injury......Page 140
Nutrition-Related Chronic Diseases: Obesity, Diabetes, Hypertension, Dyslipidemias (Metabolic Syndrome)......Page 142
References......Page 144
Discussion......Page 151
References......Page 153
Fetal Programming due to an Altered Nutritional Experience in utero......Page 154
Maternal Early Life Nutritional Experience: An Altered Intrauterine Environment in the Mother and Metabolic Programming of the Progeny......Page 155
Early Metabolic Adaptations......Page 156
Adult-Onset Metabolic Adaptations during the Pre-Pregnancy and Pregnancy States......Page 157
Metabolic Programming of the Progeny due to Maternal Hyperinsulinemia during Pregnancy in the HC Female......Page 158
Concluding Remarks......Page 162
References......Page 163
Discussion......Page 164
References......Page 168
Background Evidence......Page 170
Infant Immune Development......Page 172
Thymic Size and Breast Milk IL-7 Levels......Page 173
Placental Function......Page 175
Evidence for the Early-Life Nutritional Programming of Long-Term Immune Function......Page 176
Acknowledgements......Page 178
References......Page 179
Discussion......Page 181
Size and Body Composition at Birth and Risk of Type-2 Diabetes......Page 186
Size at Birth, Body Composition and Future Risk of Diabetes......Page 187
The Pune Maternal Nutrition Study......Page 188
Birth Size and Later Diabetes......Page 190
Parental Size and Nutrition, and Offspring Birth Weight......Page 192
Conclusions......Page 193
References......Page 194
Discussion......Page 195
References......Page 199
Fetal Origins Hypothesis......Page 200
Dutch Famine Cohort......Page 201
Results......Page 202
Discussion......Page 205
References......Page 207
Discussion......Page 208
References......Page 212
Methodological Issues in Measuring Obesity......Page 214
Maternal Obesity and Reproductive Function......Page 215
Maternal Obesity and Complications of Pregnancy......Page 216
Maternal Obesity and the Risk of Late Fetal Death, Small-for-Gestational Age Infants and Preterm Birth......Page 217
Maternal Obesity and the Risk of Birth Defects......Page 218
Conclusions......Page 221
References......Page 223
Discussion......Page 224
References......Page 228
Introduction......Page 230
Maternal Diet and Pregnancy Outcome in Adolescent Mothers......Page 231
Nutritional Intervention in Adolescent Mothers......Page 232
References......Page 233
Discussion......Page 234
References......Page 237
Introduction......Page 238
Intervention during Pregnancy?......Page 239
References......Page 246
Discussion......Page 248
References......Page 251
Introduction......Page 252
Anemia......Page 253
Iron–Folate Interactions......Page 254
Zinc–Vitamin A Interactions......Page 255
Zinc–Prolactin Interactions......Page 256
Iron–Zinc Interactions......Page 258
References......Page 260
Discussion......Page 261
References......Page 264
Concluding Remarks......Page 266
C......Page 268
E......Page 269
I......Page 270
O......Page 271
V......Page 272
Z......Page 273