The Impact of Environmental Variability on Ecological Systems

1402058500......Page 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS......Page 6
List of Contributors......Page 8
Preface......Page 10
Introduction......Page 11
1.1 Abstract......Page 14
1.2 Introduction......Page 15
1.3 ENSO Physics......Page 16
1.4 Climate Impacts......Page 21
1.5 Discussion......Page 25
1.8 Literature Cited......Page 27
2.1 Abstract......Page 30
2.2 Introduction......Page 31
2.3.2 The random walk......Page 34
2.3.3 First-order autoregressive (AR-1) processes......Page 35
2.4 When can the variability of populations be compared? An example......Page 38
2.4.1 White noise......Page 42
2.4.4 1/ f -noise process......Page 43
2.5 Conclusions......Page 44
2.7 Literature Cited......Page 45
Appendix 2A......Page 47
Appendix 2B......Page 51
Appendix 2C......Page 53
3.1 Abstract......Page 54
3.2 Introduction......Page 55
3.3 The Allometry of Characteristic Response Time in Consumer-Resource Systems......Page 59
3.4 Parametric and Demographic Perturbations......Page 64
3.5 Can Responses Times Help Determine How Consumers and Resources Vary in Fluctuating Environments?......Page 65
3.6 Summary and Discussion......Page 69
3.8 Literature Cited......Page 71
Appendix 3A......Page 72
4. Filtering Environmental Variability: Activity Optimization, Thermal Refuges, and the Energetic Responses of Endotherms to Temperature......Page 74
4.2 Introduction......Page 75
4.3.1 Environmental temperature variability......Page 77
4.3.3 Thermal exchange between animals and their environment......Page 78
4.3.4 The ecological consequences of thermal exchange among endotherms......Page 80
4.4.1 Model structure and assumptions......Page 81
4.4.2 Modelling results......Page 83
4.5 Implications......Page 95
4.7 Literature Cited......Page 98
5.1 Abstract......Page 101
5.2 Introduction......Page 102
5.2.1 Evolution of environmental effects in ecology......Page 103
5.3 Climate Forcing Populations......Page 104
5.3.1 Synchrony data......Page 106
5.3.2 Synchrony across species......Page 108
5.3.3 Population travelling waves......Page 109
5.4 Invisibility of Environmental Factors......Page 113
5.5 Future Directions......Page 115
5.6 Literature Cited......Page 119
6.1 Abstract......Page 123
6.2 Introduction......Page 124
6.3 Food Web Dynamics in Correlated Environments......Page 125
6.3.1 Dynamical effects of correlated environments......Page 128
6.4.1 Zero time lags......Page 129
6.4.2 First-order lags......Page 130
6.5 Food Web Dynamics in Autocorrelated Environments......Page 131
6.6.1 First-order lags......Page 134
6.6.2 Second-order lags......Page 136
6.7 Discussion......Page 138
6.9 Literature Cited......Page 140
Appendix 6A......Page 142
7.1 Abstract......Page 144
7.2 Introduction......Page 145
7.3 When and Why are Specialists and Generalists Able to Coexist on Two Resources?......Page 148
7.3.1 Model 1:Fixed preferences......Page 149
7.3.2 Model 2: Adaptive change in the generalist\'s preferences......Page 154
7.4 How Do Coexisting Specialists and Generalists in Variable Environments Respond to Altered Mortality of One of these Species?......Page 157
7.4.1 Models with inflexible foraging by the generalist......Page 158
7.4.2 Models with behavioral switching between resources by the generalist......Page 160
7.5 Discussion......Page 165
7.7 Literature Cited......Page 166
8.1 Abstract......Page 169
8.2 Introduction......Page 170
8.3 Model......Page 172
8.4.2 With Immigration (I[sub(i)] = 9.89E – 4)......Page 175
8.5 Discussion......Page 180
8.7 Literature Cited......Page 183
Appendix 8A......Page 186
9.1 Abstract......Page 188
9.2 Introduction......Page 189
9.3 Methodological Considerations......Page 190
9.4 Experimental Results......Page 195
9.5 Variability of Populations......Page 196
9.6 Environmental Variability Treatments......Page 197
9.7 Discussion and Future Directions......Page 199
9.9 Literature Cited......Page 202
10. Environmental Variability and the Antarctic Marine Ecosystem......Page 206
10.2 Introduction......Page 207
10.4 General Hydrography of the Southern Ocean......Page 208
10.5 Sea Ice......Page 210
10.6 Dominant Zooplankton Components of Southern Ocean Ecosystems......Page 211
10.7 Ecological Importance of the Southwest Atlantic Sector......Page 213
10.8.1 Study area and hydrography......Page 215
10.9 Methods......Page 216
10.10.1 Krill, salps, and sea ice......Page 217
10.10.3 Salp and copepod dominance fluctuations......Page 219
10.11.1 Krill, salps, and sea ice......Page 224
10.11.2 Salp and copepod dominance fluctuations......Page 225
10.11.3 Salp source areas......Page 226
10.11.4 ENSO and ecosystem variability......Page 227
10.13 Literature Cited......Page 229
C......Page 235
E......Page 236
N......Page 237
S......Page 238
Z......Page 239