The Image Processing Handbook

Table of Contents......Page 0
The IMAGE PROCESSING Handbook......Page 1
Introduction......Page 3
Acknowledgments......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Human reliance on images for information......Page 11
Using video cameras to acquire images......Page 17
Electronics and bandwidth limitations......Page 25
High resolution imaging......Page 35
Color imaging......Page 42
Digital cameras......Page 51
Color spaces......Page 57
Color displays......Page 66
Image types......Page 69
Range imaging......Page 71
Multiple images......Page 78
Stereoscopy......Page 82
Imaging requirements......Page 90
The IMAGE PROCESSING Handbook......Page 97
Color spaces......Page 100
Color displays......Page 109
Image types......Page 112
Range imaging......Page 114
The IMAGE PROCESSING Handbook......Page 118
Multiple images......Page 121
Stereoscopy......Page 125
Imaging requirements......Page 133
Printing......Page 140
Dots on paper......Page 145
Color printing......Page 151
Printing hardware......Page 157
Film recorders......Page 163
File storage......Page 166
Optical storage media......Page 167
Magnetic recording......Page 171
Databases for images......Page 173
Browsing and thumbnails......Page 177
Lossless coding......Page 181
Color palettes......Page 188
Lossy compression......Page 189
Other compression methods......Page 208
Digital movies......Page 211
Correcting Imaging Defects......Page 214
Noisy images......Page 215
Neighborhood averaging......Page 219
Neighborhood ranking......Page 227
Other neighborhood noise reduction methods......Page 235
Maximum entropy......Page 242
Contrast expansion......Page 244
Nonuniform illumination......Page 247
Fitting a background function......Page 249
Rank leveling......Page 252
Color shading......Page 258
Nonplanar views......Page 262
Computer graphics......Page 263
Geometrical distortion......Page 266
Alignment......Page 269
Morphing......Page 275
The IMAGE PROCESSING Handbook......Page 279
Rank leveling......Page 281
Color shading......Page 287
Nonplanar views......Page 291
Computer graphics......Page 292
Geometrical distortion......Page 295
Alignment......Page 298
Morphing......Page 304
Image Enhancement Processing in the Spatial Domain......Page 308
Contrast manipulation......Page 309
Histogram equalization......Page 314
Laplacian......Page 323
Derivatives......Page 331
The Sobel and Kirsch operators......Page 336
Rank operations......Page 349
Texture......Page 359
Fractal analysis......Page 363
Implementation notes......Page 369
Image math......Page 371
Subtracting images......Page 373
Multiplication and division......Page 376
The IMAGE PROCESSING Handbook......Page 385
Rank operations......Page 395
Texture......Page 405
Fractal analysis......Page 409
The IMAGE PROCESSING Handbook......Page 410
Implementation notes......Page 415
Image math......Page 417
Subtracting images......Page 419
Multiplication and division......Page 422
What frequency space is all about......Page 431
The Fourier transform......Page 433
Fourier transforms of real functions......Page 437
Frequencies and orientations......Page 444
Orientation and spacing......Page 446
Preferred orientation......Page 450
Texture and fractals......Page 456
Isolating periodic noise......Page 460
Masks and filters......Page 467
Selection of periodic information......Page 474
Fundamentals of convolution......Page 480
Imaging system characteristics......Page 484
Removing motion blur and other defects......Page 488
Template matching and correlation......Page 491
Autocorrelation......Page 493
Conclusion......Page 496
The IMAGE PROCESSING Handbook......Page 497
Masks and filters......Page 500
Selection of periodic information......Page 507
Fundamentals of convolution......Page 513
Imaging system characteristics......Page 517
Removing motion blur and other defects......Page 521
Template matching and correlation......Page 524
Autocorrelation......Page 526
Conclusion......Page 529
Thresholding......Page 530
Multiband images......Page 533
Two-dimensional thresholds......Page 536
Multiband thresholding......Page 540
Thresholding from texture......Page 545
Multiple thresholding criteria......Page 550
Textural orientation......Page 554
Accuracy and reproducibility......Page 559
Including position information......Page 562
Selective histograms......Page 569
Boundary lines......Page 572
Contours......Page 575
Image representation......Page 579
Other segmentation methods......Page 582
The general classification problem......Page 586
Boolean operations......Page 589
Combining Boolean operations......Page 592
Masks......Page 596
From pixels to features......Page 598
Boolean logic with features......Page 605
Selecting features by location......Page 609
Double thresholding......Page 614
Erosion and dilation......Page 618
Opening and closing......Page 619
Isotropy......Page 623
Measurements using erosion and dilation......Page 625
Extension to grey scale images......Page 627
Coefficient and depth parameters......Page 629
Examples of use......Page 634
The custer......Page 639
Skeletonization......Page 641
Boundary lines and thickening......Page 643
Euclidean distance map......Page 647
Watershed segmentation......Page 652
Ultimate eroded points......Page 656
Medial axis transform......Page 659
Cluster analysis......Page 662
Image Measurements......Page 667
Brightness measurements......Page 668
Determining location......Page 674
Orientation......Page 676
Neighbor relationships......Page 677
Alignment......Page 681
Counting features......Page 687
Special counting procedures......Page 690
Feature size......Page 694
Caliper dimensions......Page 701
Perimeter......Page 707
Ellipse fitting......Page 709
Describing shape......Page 711
Fractal dimension......Page 713
Harmonic analysis......Page 717
Topology......Page 720
Feature identification......Page 724
Three-dimensional measurements......Page 727
Volume imaging vs. sections......Page 733
Basics of reconstruction......Page 736
Algebraic reconstruction methods......Page 743
Maximum entropy......Page 748
Defects in reconstructed images......Page 750
Imaging geometries......Page 761
Three-dimensional tomography......Page 763
High-resolution tomography......Page 771
Sources of 3D data......Page 775
Serial sections......Page 777
Optical sectioning......Page 782
Sequential removal......Page 785
Stereo......Page 787
3D data sets......Page 791
Slicing the data set......Page 794
Arbitrary section planes......Page 799
The use of color......Page 803
Volumetric display......Page 804
Stereo viewing......Page 808
Special display hardware......Page 812
Ray tracing......Page 815
Reflection......Page 820
Surfaces......Page 825
Multiply connected surfaces......Page 831
Image processing in 3D......Page 837
Measurements on 3D images......Page 841
Conclusion......Page 844
The IMAGE PROCESSING Handbook......Page 846
Special display hardware......Page 848
Ray tracing......Page 851
Reflection......Page 856
Surfaces......Page 861
Multiply connected surfaces......Page 867
Image processing in 3D......Page 873
Measurements on 3D images......Page 877
Conclusion......Page 880
Producing surfaces......Page 882
Devices that image surfaces by physical contact......Page 885
Noncontacting measurements......Page 889
Microscopy of surfaces......Page 893
Surface composition imaging......Page 896
Processing of range images......Page 899
Processing of composition maps......Page 903
Data presentation and visualization......Page 905
Rendering and visualization......Page 910
Analysis of surface data......Page 915
Profile measurements......Page 918
The Birmingham measurement suite......Page 922
New approaches Û topographic analysis and fractal dimensions......Page 930
The IMAGE PROCESSING Handbook......Page 939
Rendering and visualization......Page 940
Analysis of surface data......Page 945
Profile measurements......Page 948
The Birmingham measurement suite......Page 952
New approaches — topographic analysis and fractal dimensions......Page 960
References......Page 969