The Humanistic Tradition Volume 1: Prehistory to the Early Modern World

Cover
The Humanistic Tradition
Series Contents
Volume I Contents
Letter from the Author
BEFORE WE BEGIN
Book 1 The First Civilizations andthe Classical Legacy
	Introduction: Prehistory and the Birth of Civilization (ca. 7 million b.c.e.–1500 b.c.e.)
		AT the beginning
		Prehistory
			Paleolithic (“Old Stone”) Culture (ca. 7 million–10,000 b.c.e.)
			Cave Art
			Mother Earth
			Neolithic (“New Stone”) Culture (ca. 10,000–4000 b.c.e.)
			Neolithic Earthworks
		The Birth of Civilization
			The Evolution of Writing
			Looking Into Neolithic Stone Circles
			Metallurgy
			People and Nature
			Myth and the Quest for Beginnings
			READING 0.1 Creation Tales
		Glossary
	1 Mesopotamia: Gods, Rulers, and the Social Order (ca. 3500–330 b.c.e.)
		looking ahead
		The Land Between the Two Rivers
		The Gods of Mesopotamia
			READING 1.1 From The Babylonian Creation
			From Matriarchy to Patriarchy
			The Search for Immortality
			READING 1.2 From the Epic of Gilgamesh
		The Rulers of Mesopotamia
		The Social Order
			looking INTo The Standard of Ur
			Law and the Social Order in Babylon
			READING 1.3 From Hammurabi’s Code
		The Arts in Mesopotamia
		The Iron Age
		The Hebrews
			Hebrew Monotheism
			The Hebrew Bible
			READING 1.4a From the Hebrew Bible (Genesis)
			Exploring Issues Translating the Hebrew Bible
			The Hebrew Laws
			READING 1.4b From the Hebrew Bible (Exodus)
			The Hebrew State and the Social Order
			The Hebrew Prophets
			READING 1.4c From the Hebrew Bible (Jeremiah)
			The Babylonian Captivity and the Book of Job
			READING 1.4d From the Hebrew Bible (Job)
			The Book of Psalms
			READING 1.4e From the Hebrew Bible (Psalms)
		Empires of the Iron Age
			The Assyrian Empire
			The Persian Empire
		looking BACK
		Glossary
	2 Africa: Gods, Rulers, and the Social Order (ca. 3100–330 b.c.e.)
		looking ahead
		Africa: Ancient Egypt
		The Gods of Ancient Egypt
		The Rulers of Ancient Egypt
		Looking Into The Palette of King Narmer
			Egyptian Theocracy
			Law in Ancient Egypt
			The Cult of the Dead
			Akhenaten’s Reform
			READING 2.1 From “The Hymn to the Aten”
		The Social Order
			Egyptian Women
		The Arts in Ancient Egypt
			Literature
			READING 2.2 Egyptian Poetry
			The Visual Arts
			New Kingdom Temples
			Music in Ancient Egypt
		Africa: The Sudan
			Northern Sudan: Nubia
			Western Sudan: Nok Culture
		looking BACK
		Glossary
	3 India, China, and the Americas (ca. 3500–500 b.c.e.)
		looking ahead
		Ancient India
			Indus Valley Civilization (ca. 2700–1500 b.c.e.)
			The Vedic Era (ca. 1500–500 b.c.e.)
			Hindu Pantheism
			EXPLORING ISSUES The “Out of India” Debate
			The Bhagavad-Gita
			READING 3.1 From the Bhagavad-Gita
		Ancient China
			The Shang Dynasty (ca. 1766–1027 b.c.e.)
			The Western Zhou Dynasty (1027–771 b.c.e.)
			Spirits, Gods, and the Natural Order
			Daoism
			READING 3.2 From the Dao de jing
		The Americas
			Ancient Peru
			making connections
			The Olmecs
		looking BACK
		Glossary
	4 Greece: Humanism and the Speculative Leap (ca. 3000–332 b.c.e.)
		looking AHEAD
		Bronze Age Civilizations of the Aegean (ca. 3000–1200 b.c.e.)
			Minoan Civilization (ca. 2000–1400 b.c.e.)
			making connections
			Mycenaean Civilization (ca. 1600–1200 b.c.e.)
		The Heroic Age (ca. 1200–750 b.c.e.)
			READING 4.1 From the Iliad
			The Greek Gods
		The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars (ca. 750–480 b.c.e.)
			Herodotus
		Athens and the Greek Golden Age (ca. 480–430 b.c.e.)
			Pericles’ Glorification of Athens
			READING 4.2 From Thucydides’ Peloponnesian War
			The Olympic Games
		The Individual and the Community
			Greek Drama
			The Case of Antigone
			READING 4.3 From Sophocles’ Antigone
			Aristotle on Tragedy
			READING 4.4 From Aristotle’s Poetics
		Greek Philosophy: The Speculative Leap
			Naturalist Philosophy: The Pre-Socratics
			Pythagoras
			Hippocrates
		Humanist Philosophy
			The Sophists
			Socrates and the Quest for Virtue
			READING 4.5 From Plato’s Crito
			Plato and the Theory of Forms
			READING 4.6 From the “Allegory of the Cave” from Plato’s Republic
			Plato’s Republic: The Ideal State
			Aristotle and the Life of Reason
			Aristotle’s Ethics
			READING 4.7 From Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics
			Aristotle and the State
		looking BACK
		Glossary
	5 The Classical Style (ca. 700–30 b.c.e.)
		looking ahead
		The Classical Style
			READING 5.1 From Vitruvius’ Principles of Symmetry
			Humanism, Realism, and Idealism
		The Evolution of the Classical Style
			Greek Sculpture: The Archaic Period (ca. 700–480 b.c.e.)
			making connections
			Greek Sculpture: The Classical Period (480–323 b.c.e.)
			The Classical Ideal: Male and Female
			LOOKING INTO The Parthenon
			Greek Architecture: The Parthenon
			The Sculpture of the Parthenon
			exploring issues The Battle Over Antiquities
			The Gold of Greece
		The Classical Style in Poetry
			READING 5.2 The Poems of Sappho
			READING 5.3 From Pindar’s Odes
		The Classical Style in Music and Dance
		The Diffusion of the Classical Style: The Hellenistic Age (323–30 b.c.e.)
			Hellenistic Schools of Thought
			Hellenistic Art
		looking BACK
		Glossary
	6 Rome: The Rise to Empire (ca. 1000 b.c.e.–476 c.e.)
		looking ahead
		The Roman Rise to Empire
			Rome’s Early History
			The Roman Republic (509–133 b.c.e.)
			READING 6.1 Josephus’ Description of the Roman Army
			The Collapse of the Republic (133–30 b.c.e.)
			The Roman Empire (30 b.c.e.–180 c.e.)
			Roman Law
		The Roman Contribution to Literature
			Roman Philosophic Thought
			READING 6.2 From Seneca’s On Tranquility of Mind
			Latin Prose Literature
			READING 6.3 From Cicero’s On Duty
			READING 6.4 From Tacitus’ Dialogue on Oratory
			Roman Epic Poetry
			READING 6.5 From Virgil’s Aeneid (Books Four and Six)
			Roman Lyric Poetry
			READING 6.6 The Poems of Catullus
			The Poems of Horace
			READING 6.7 The Poems of Horace
			The Satires of Juvenal
			READING 6.8a From Juvenal’s “Against the City of Rome”
			READING 6.8b From Juvenal’s “Against Women”
			Roman Drama
		The Arts of the Roman Empire
			Roman Architecture
			making connections
			Roman Sculpture
			Roman Painting and Mosaics
			Roman Music
		The Fall of Rome
		looking BACK
		Glossary
	7 China: The Rise to Empire (ca. 770 b.c.e.–220 c.e.)
		looking ahead
		Confucius and the Classics
			The Eastern Zhou Dynasty (ca. 771–256 b.c.e.)
			READING 7.1From the Analects of Confucius
			Confucianism and Legalism
		The Chinese Rise to Empire
			The Qin Dynasty (221–206 b.c.e.)
			The Han Dynasty (206 b.c.e.–220 c.e.)
		The Literary Contributions of Imperial China
			Chinese Prose Literature
			READING 7.2 From Sima Qian’s Records of the Grand Historian
			Chinese Poetry
			READING 7.3 A Selection of Han Poems
		The Visual Arts and Music
		LOOKING BACK
		Glossary
BOOK 2 Medieval Europe and the World Beyond
	8 A Flowering of Faith: Christianity and Buddhism (ca. 400 b.c.e.–300 c.e.)
		LOOKING AHEAD
		The Background to Christianity
			The Greco-Roman Background
			The Near Eastern Background
			READING 8.1 From Apuleius’ Initiation into the Cult of Isis
			The Jewish Background
		The Rise of Christianity
			The Life of Jesus
			The Message of Jesus
			READING 8.2 From the Gospel of Matthew
		The Teachings of Paul
			READING 8.3 From Paul’s Epistle to the Church in Rome
			EXPLORING ISSUES The Gnostic Gospels
		The Spread of Christianity
		The Rise of Buddhism
			The Life of the Buddha
			The Message of the Buddha
			READING 8.4a From the Buddha’s Sermon at Benares
			READING 8.4b From the Buddha’s Sermon on Abuse
		The Spread of Buddhism
			Buddhism in China and Japan
		Looking BACK
		Glossary
	9 The Language of Faith: Symbolism and the Arts (ca. 300–600 c.e.)
		LOOKING AHEAD
		The Christian Identity
			READING 9.1 The Nicene Creed
			Christian Monasticism
			The Latin Church Fathers
			READING 9.2 Saint Ambrose’s “Ancient Morning Hymn”
			READING 9.3 From Saint Augustine’s Confessions
			Augustine’s City of God
			READING 9.4 From Saint Augustine’s City of God Against the Pagans
			Symbolism and Early Christian Art
			Early Christian Architecture
			Looking INTO The Murano Book Cover
			Iconography of the Life of Jesus
			Byzantine Art and Architecture
			The Byzantine Icon
			Early Christian Music
		The Buddhist Identity
			Buddhist Art and Architecture in India
			Buddhist Art and Architecture in China
			Buddhist Music
		Looking BACK
		Glossary
	10 The Islamic World: Religion and Culture (ca. 570–1300)
		The Religion of Islam
			Muhammad and Islam
			Submission to God
			The Qur’an
			The Five Pillars
			exploring issues Translating the Qur’an
			READING 10.1 From the Qur’an
			The Muslim Identity
		The Expansion of Islam
			Islam in Africa
			Islam in the Middle East
		Islamic Culture
			Scholarship in the Islamic World
			Islamic Poetry
			READING 10.2 Secular Islamic Poems
			Sufi Poetry
			READING 10.3 The Poems of Rumi
			Islamic Prose Literature
			READING 10.4 From The Thousand and One Nights
			Islamic Art and Architecture
			Music in the Islamic World
		Looking BACK
		Glossary
	11 Patterns of Medieval Life (ca. 500–1300)
		LOOKING AHEAD
		The Germanic Tribes
			Germanic Law
			Germanic Literature
			READING 11.1 From Beowulf
			Germanic Art
			Making connections
		Charlemagne and the Carolingian Renaissance
			The Abbey Church
		Early Medieval Culture
			Feudal Society
			The Literature of the Feudal Nobility
			READING 11.2 From the Song of Roland
			The Norman Conquest and the Arts
			The Bayeux Tapestry
			The Lives of Medieval Serfs
		High Medieval Culture
			The Christian Crusades
			The Medieval Romance and the Code of Courtly Love
			READING 11.3 From Chrétien de Troyes’ Lancelot
			The Poetry of the Troubadours
			READING 11.4 Troubadour Poems
			The Origins of Constitutional Monarchy
			The Rise of Medieval Towns
		Looking BACK
		Glossary
	12 Christianity and the Medieval Mind(ca. 1000–1300)
		LOOKING AHEAD
		The Medieval Church
			The Christian Way of Life and Death
			EXPLORING ISSUES The Conflict Between Church and State
			The Franciscans
			READING 12.1 Saint Francis’ The Canticle of Brother Sun
		Medieval Literature
			The Literature of Mysticism
			READING 12.2 From Hildegard of Bingen’s Know the Ways of the Lord
			Sermon Literature
			READING 12.3 From Pope Innocent III’s On the Misery of the Human Condition
			The Medieval Morality Play
			READING 12.4 From Everyman
			Dante’s Divine Comedy
			READING 12.5 From Dante’s Divine Comedy
		The Medieval University
			Medieval Scholasticism
			Thomas Aquinas
			READING 12.6 From Aquinas’ Summa Theologica
		looking BACK
		Glossary
	13 The Medieval Synthesis in the Arts (ca. 1000–1300)
		looking ahead
		The Romanesque Church
			looking INTO A Romanesque Last Judgement
			Romanesque Sculpture
			making connections
		The Gothic Cathedral
			Gothic Sculpture
			making connections
			Stained Glass
			The Windows at Chartres
			Sainte-Chapelle: Medieval “Jewelbox”
		Medieval Painting
		Medieval Music
			Early Medieval Music and Liturgical Drama
			Medieval Musical Notation
			Medieval Polyphony
			The “Dies Irae”
			The Motet
			Instrumental Music
		looking BACK
		Glossary
	14The World Beyond the West: India, China, and Japan (ca. 500–1300)
		looking ahead
		India
			Hinduism
			looking INTO Shiva: Lord of the Dance
			Indian Religious Literature
			READING 14.1 From the Vishnu Purana
			Indian Poetry
			READING 14.2 From The Treasury of Well-Turned Verse
			Indian Architecture
			Indian Music and Dance
		China
			China in the Tang Era
			Confucianism
			Buddhism
			China in the Song Era
			Technology in the Tang and Song Eras
			Chinese Literature
			Chinese Music and Poetry
			READING 14.3 Poems of the Tang and Song Eras
			Chinese Landscape Painting
			making connections
			Chinese Crafts
			Chinese Architecture
		Japan
			READING 14.4 From The Diary of Lady Murasaki
			Buddhism in Japan
			making connections
			The Age of the Samurai: The Kamakura Shogunate (1185–1333)
			No¯ Drama
			READING 14.5 From Zeami’s Kadensho
		looking BACK
		Glossary
BOOK 3 The European Renaissance, the Reformation, and Global Encounter
	15 Adversity and Challenge: The Fourteenth-Century Transition (ca. 1300–1400)
		LOOKING AHEAD
		Europe in Transition
			The Hundred Years’ War
			The Decline of the Church
			Anticlericalism and the Rise of Devotional Piety
			The Black Death
			READING 15.1 From Boccaccio’s Introduction to the Decameron
			The Effects of the Black Death
		Literature in Transition
			The Social Realism of Boccaccio
			READING 15.2 From Boccaccio’s “Tale of Filippa” from the Decameron
			The Feminism of Christine de Pisan
			READING 15.3 From Christine de Pisan’s Book of the City of Ladies
			The Social Realism of Chaucer
			READING 15.4 From Chaucer’s “Prologue” and “The Miller’s Tale” in the Canterbury Tales
		Art and Music in Transition
			Giotto’s New Realism
			Making connections
			Devotional Realism and Portraiture
			The Ars Nova in Music
		Looking BACK
		Glossary
	16 lassical Humanism in the Age of the Renaissance (ca. 1300–1600)
		LOOKING AHEAD
		Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance
			The Medici
		Classical Humanism
			Petrarch: “Father of Humanism”
			READING 16.1 From Petrarch’s Letter to Lapo da Castiglionchio
			LOOKING INTO Petrarch’s Sonnet 134
			Civic Humanism
			Alberti and Renaissance Virtù
			READING 16.2 From Alberti’s On the Family
			Ficino: The Platonic Academy
			Pico della Mirandola
			READING 16.3 From Pico’s Oration on the Dignity of Man
			Castiglione: The Well-Rounded Person
			READING 16.4 From Castiglione’s The Book of the Courtier
		Renaissance Women
			Women Humanists
			Lucretia Marinella
			READING 16.5 From Marinella’s The Nobility and Excellence of Women and the Defects and Vices of Men
		Machiavelli
			READING 16.6 From Machiavelli’s The Prince
		Looking BACK
		Glossary
	17 Renaissance Artists: Disciples of Nature, Masters of Invention (ca. 1400–1600)
		LOOKING AHEAD
		Renaissance Art and Patronage
		The Early Renaissance
			The Revival of the Classical Nude
			Making connections
			Early Renaissance Architecture
			The Renaissance Portrait
			Early Renaissance Artist–Scientists
			exploring issues Renaissance Art and Optics
			Masaccio
			Ghiberti
			Leonardo da Vinci as Artist–Scientist
			READING 17.1 From Leonardo da Vinci’s Notes
		The High Renaissance
			Leonardo
			READING 17.2 From Vasari’s Lives of the Most Excellent
			exploring issues The Last Supper: Restoration or Ruin?
			Raphael
			Looking into Raphael’s School of Athens
			Architecture of the High Renaissance: Bramante and Palladio
			Michelangelo and Heroic Idealism
			The High Renaissance in Venice
			Giorgione and Titian
		The Music of the Renaissance
			Early Renaissance Music: Dufay
			The Madrigal
			High Renaissance Music: Josquin
			Women and Renaissance Music
			Instrumental Music of the Renaissance
			Renaissance Dance
		Looking BACK
		Glossary
	18 Cross-Cultural Encounters: Asia, Africa, and the Americas (ca. 1300–1600)
		LOOKING AHEAD
		Global Travel and Trade
			China’s Treasure Ships
			European Expansion
		The African Cultural Heritage
			Ghana
			Mali and Songhai
			Benin
		The Arts of Africa
			Sundiata
			READING 18.1 From Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali
			African Myths and Proverbs
			READING 18.2 Three African Myths on the Origin of Death
			African Poetry
			READING 18.3 Selections from African Poetry
			African Music and Dance
			The African Mask
			Making connections
			African Sculpture
			exploring issues African Wood Sculpture:Text and Context
			African Architecture
		Cross-Cultural Encounter
			Ibn Battuta in West Africa
			READING 18.4 From Ibn Battuta’s Book of Travels
			The Europeans in Africa
		The Americas
			Native American Cultures
			Native North American Arts: The Northwest
			Native North American Arts: The Southwest
			READING 18.5 “A Prayer of the Night Chant” (Navajo)
			Native American Literature
			READING 18.6 Two Native American Tales
			The Arts of Meso- and South America
		Early Empires in the Americas
			The Maya
			The Inca
			The Aztecs
			exploring issues The Clash of Cultures
		Cross-Cultural Encounter
			The Spanish in the Americas
			READING 18.7 From Cortés’ Letters from Mexico
			The Aftermath of Conquest
			The Columbian Exchange
		Looking BACK
		Glossary
	19 Protest and Reform: The Waning of the Old Order (ca. 1400–1600)
		LOOKING AHEAD
		The Temper of Reform
			The Impact of Technology
			Christian Humanism and the Northern Renaissance
		The Protestant Reformation
			READING 19.1 From Luther’s Address to the German Nobility
			The Spread of Protestantism
			Calvin
			EXPLORING ISSUES Humanism and Religious Fanaticism: The Persecution of Witches
			The Anabaptists
			The Anglican Church
			Music and the Reformation
		Northern Renaissance Art
			Jan van Eyck
			LOOKING INTO Van Eyck’s Arnolfini Double Portrait
			Bosch
			Printmaking
			Dürer
			Grünewald
			Cranach and Holbein
			Bruegel
		Sixteenth-Century Literature
			Erasmus: The Praise of Folly
			READING 19.2 From Erasmus’ The Praise of Folly
			More’s Utopia
			READING 19.3 From More’s Utopia
			Cervantes: Don Quixote
			READING 19.4 From Cervantes’ Don Quixote
			Rabelais and Montaigne
			READING 19.5 From Montaigne’s On Cannibals
		Shakespeare
			Shakespeare’s Sonnets
			READING 19.6 From Shakespeare’s Sonnets
			The Elizabethan Stage
			Shakespeare’s Plays
			Shakespeare’s Hamlet
			READING 19.7 From Shakespeare’s Hamlet
			Shakespeare’s Othello
			READING 19.8 From Shakespeare’s Othello
		LOOKING BACK
		Glossary
Picture Credits
Literary Credits
Index
Maps
	0.1 Ancient River Valley Civilizations
	1.1 Mesopotamia, 3500–2500 b.c.e.
	2.1 Ancient Egypt
	3.1 Ancient India, ca. 2700–1500 b.c.e.
	3.2 Ancient China
	4.1 Ancient Greece, ca. 1200–332 b.c.e.
	5.1 The Hellenistic World
	6.1 The Roman Empire in 180 c.e.
	7.1Han and Roman Empires, ca. 180 c.e.
	9.1 The Byzantine World Under Justinian, 565
	10.1 The Expansion of Islam, 622–ca. 750
	11.1 The Early Christian World and the Barbarian Invasions, ca. 500
	11.2 The Empire of Charlemagne, 814
	11.3 The Christian Crusades, 1096–1204
	13.1 Romanesque and Gothic Sites in Western Europe, ca. 1000–1300
	14.1 India in the Eleventh Century
	14.2 East Asia, ca. 600–1300
	16.1 Renaissance Italy, 1300–1600
	18.1 World Exploration, 1271–1295; 1486–1611
	18.2 Africa, 1000–1500
	18.3 The Americas Before 1500
	19.1 Renaissance Europe, ca. 1500
Music Listening Selections
	Anonymous, “Epitaph for Seikilos,” Greek, ca. 50 c.e.
	Gregorian chant, “Alleluya, vidimus stellam,” codified 590–604
	Buddhist chant, Morning prayers (based on the Lotus Scripture) at Nomanji, Japan, excerpt
	Islamic Call to Prayer
	Anonymous, Twisya No. 3 of the Nouba
	Bernart de Ventadour, “Can vei la lauzeta mouver” (“When I behold the lark”), ca. 1150, excerpt
	Medieval liturgical drama, The Play of Daniel, “Ad honorem tui, Christe,” “Ecce sunt ante faciem tuam”
	Hildegard of Bingen, O Successores (“Your Successors”), ca. 1150
	Two examples of early medieval polyphony: parallel organum, “Rex caeli, Domine,” excerpt; melismatic organum, “Alleluia, Justus ut palma,” ca. 900–1150, excerpts
	Pérotin, three-part organum, “Alleluya” (Nativitas), twelfth century
	Anonymous, motet, “En non Diu! Quant voi; Eius in Oriente,” thirteenth century, excerpt
	French dance, “Estampie,” thirteenth century
	Indian music, Thumri, played on the sitar by Ravi Shankar
	Chinese music: Cantonese music drama for male solo, zither, and other musical instruments, “Ngoh wai heng kong” (“I’m Mad About You”)
	Machaut, Messe de Notre Dame (Mass of Our Lady), “Ite missa est, Deo gratias,” 1364
	Anonymous, English round, “Sumer is icumen in,” fourteenth century
	Guillaume Dufay, Missa L’homme armé (The Armed Man Mass), “Kyrie I,” ca. 1450
	Roland de Lassus (Orlando di Lasso), madrigal, “Matona, mia cara” (“My lady, my beloved”), 1550
	Thomas Morley, madrigal, “My bonnie lass she smileth,” 1595
	Josquin des Prez, motet, “Tulerunt Dominum meum,” ca. 1520
	Music of Africa, Senegal, “Greetings from Podor”
	Music of Africa, Angola, “Gangele Song”
	Music of Native America, “Navajo Night Chant,” male chorus with gourd rattles
Ancillary Reading Selections
	The Israelites’ Relations with Neighboring Peoples from the Hebrew Bible (Kings)
	On Good and Evil from The Divine Songs of Zarathustra
	Harkhuf’s Expeditions to Nubia
	From the Ramayana
	On the Origin of the Castes from the Rig Veda
	On Hindu Tradition from the Upanishads
	Family Solidarity in Ancient China from the Book of Songs
	From the Odyssey
	The Creation Story from Hesiod’s Theogony
	From Aeschylus’ Agamemnon
	From Euripides’ Medea
	From Aristophanes’ Lysistrata
	From Sophocles’ Oedipus the King
	Ashoka as a Teacher of Humility and Equality from the Ashokavadana
	Iraq in the Late Tenth Century from Al-Muqaddasi’s The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Region
	From Dante’s Paradiso
	The Arab Merchant Suleiman on Business Practices in Tang China
	Du Fu’s “A Song of War Chariots”
	From the Travels of Marco Polo
	King Afonso I Protests Slave Trading in the Kingdom of Congo
	From Calvin’s Institutes of the Christian Religion
	From Rabelais’ Gargantua and Pantagruel
	From Shakespeare’s Henry V
	From Shakespeare’s Macbeth