The Human Rights Reader: Major Political Essays, Speeches, and Documents From Ancient Times to the Present

Cover
Half Title
Epigraph
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Brief Contents
Detailed Table of Contents
Preface to the Third Edition
Acknowledgments
Introduction: Human Rights: Historical and Contemporary Controversies
	Part I: The Controversy Over the Origins of Human Rights
	Part II: The Controversy Over the Liberal Legacy and the Enlightenment
	PART III: The Controversy Over the Socialist Contribution and the Industrial Age
	Part IV: The Controversy Over the Right to Self-Determination and the Imperial Age
	Part V: The Controversy Over Globalization’s and Populism’s Impact On Human Rights
	Part VI: Human Rights and Legal Documents: A Brief Historical Narrative
PART I The Origins
Secular, Asian, and Monotheistic Traditions
	Introduction
		Questions For Part I
			I.1 Unesco: The Grounds for an International Declaration of Human Rights (1947)
			I.2 Jacques Maritain: On Opposing Ideologies and a Common List of Rights (Unesco Symposium, 1948)
			I.3 United Nations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Preamble, Articles 1, 3, 5–12, 18–19, 27
	1. The Secular Tradition
		Liberty, Tolerance, and Codes of Justice
			1.1 The Code of Hammurabi: On Freedom of Speech and Civil Rights (C. 1700 B.C.E.)
				Talion Law: “An Eye for an Eye” (Limitations On Punishment)
			1.2 Cyrus: On Religious Tolerance (The Cyrus Cylinder, C. 539 B.C.E.)
			1.3 Plato: Justice In State and Individual (The Republic, C. 360 B.C.E.)
				Book 4
			1.4 Aristotle: On Justice and Political Constitutions (Politics, C. 350 B.C.E.)
				Book IV, Chapter II
				Book VII, Chapter I
			1.5 Cicero: On Universal Justice (The Treatise On the Laws, 52 B.C.E.)
				Book I
		Social and Economic Justice
			1.6 The Code of Hammurabi: On Property (C. 1700 B.C.E.)
			1.7 Plato: On the Community of Property (The Republic, C. 360 B.C.E.)
			1.8 Aristotle: On Property (Politics, C. 350 B.C.E.)
				Book II, Chapter 5
		Justice, War, and Peace
			1.9 Thucydides: On Justice Versus Power: “The Melian Dialogue” (The History of the Peloponnesian War, C. 411 B.C.E.)
			1.10 Plato: On How to Treat One’s Enemy (The Republic, C. 360 B.C.E.)
			1.11 Aristotle: On the Purpose of War (Politics, C. 350 B.C.E.)
				Book 7, Part XIV
		Justice for Whom?
			1.12 The Code of Hammurabi: On Women and Slaves (C. 1700 B.C.E.)
			1.13 Plato: On Women’s Abilities (The Republic, C. 360 B.C.E.)
			1.14 Plato: On Homosexuals (The Symposium, C. 360 B.C.E.)
			1.15 Aristotle: On the Justification of Slavery (Politics, C. 350 B.C.E.)
				Chapter 5
				Chapter 7
	2. Asian and African Religions and Traditions
		Liberty, Tolerance, and Codes of Justice
			2.1 Confucius: On Rightful Conduct of Rulers and Subjects (The Analects, C. 479–221 B.C.E.)
				Book I
				Book IV
				Book XII
				Book XV
				Book XVIII
			2.2 Kautilya: On the Penal System (The Arthashastra, C. 300 B.C.E.)
				Principles of the Penal Code
				Death Penalty
				Miscellaneous Punishments
				Death By Being Gored By an Elephant
				Witchcraft and Black Magic
				Punishments
			2.3 Asoka: On Religious Intolerance and Discrimination (The Edicts, C. 272–231 B.C.E.)
				Rock Edict VII
				Rock Edict XII
			2.4 Chinese Buddhist Verses: On Moral Conduct (Mahāparinirvāna Sūtra, Early Fourth Century)
			2.5 The Mande Charter of Kurukan Fuga (C. 1235)
		Social and Economic Justice
			2.6 Confucius: On Fair Distribution and Education (The Analects, C. 551–479 B.C.E.)
				Book XVI
				Book XX
				Book VII
				Book XV
			2.7 Kautilya: On Labor and Property Rights (The Arthashastra, C. 300 B.C.E.)
				Chapter XIV
				Chapter XVI
			2.8 Manu: On Property Rights (The Laws, 9:27–60, C. 200 B.C.E.)
			2.9 Mahayana Buddhism: On Altruism (Bodhicaryāvatāra of Sāntideva, C. Eighth Century)
			2.10 Buddhism: On the Limitation of Property (Dhārmika Subhūti, C. Tenth Century)
				Hungry Ghost (Preta) Realm
				Human Realm
			2.11 The Mande Charter of Kurukan Fuga (C. 1235)
		Justice, War, and Peace
			2.12 Confucius: On Peace and Economic Justice (The Analects, C. 551–479 B.C.E.)
				Book XII
			2.13 Mencius: On the Right to Overthrow a Tyrant (C. 372–289 B.C.E.)
			2.14 Asoka: On Peace and Justice (The Edicts, C. 272–231 B.C.E.)
				Rock Edict XIII
				Against Aggression and Tension Between States
			2.15 The Mande Charter of Kurukan Fuga (C. 1235)
		Justice for Whom?
			2.16 Kautilya: On Women, Slavery, and Homosexuality (The Arthashastra, C. 300 B.C.E.)
				Chapter II
				Chapter III
				Chapter IV
				Chapter XII
			2.17 Manu: On Women and the Caste System (The Laws, C. 200 B.C.E.)
				Chapter 3:8–19
				Chapter 5:147–155
				Chapter 8:299–300
				Chapter 10:51–67
			2.18 Mahayana Buddhism: On the Afflictions of Womanhood And Poverty (Sutra of the Medicine Buddha, Seventh Century)
			2.19 The Mande Charter of Kurukan Fuga (C. 1235)
	3. Monotheistic Religions
		Liberty, Tolerance, and Codes of Justice
			3.1 The Hebrew Bible: On Universalism and Moral Injunctions
			3.2 The New Testament: On Universalism, Faith, and the Law (C. 80)
			3.3 The Qur’an: On Tolerance and Just Society (C. 632)
		Social and Economic Justice
			3.4 The Hebrew Bible: On the Welfare of the Poor, the Laborer, and the Stranger
			3.5 The New Testament: On Poverty, Greed and Charity (C. 80)
			3.6 The Qur’an: On Social and Economic Aid (C. 632)
		Justice, War, and Peace
			3.7 The Hebrew Bible: On War and Peace Among Nations
			3.8 New Testament: “Never Pay Back Evil for Evil” (C. 80)
			3.9 The Qur’an: On Just War (C. 632)
			3.10 Augustine of Hippo: On Just War (397–427)
				Contra Faustum, BOOK XXII, Chapters 74–76
				Letter CLXXXIX to Boniface, Paragraph 6
				De Civitate Dei (City of God), Book 1, .chapter 21
				De Civitate Dei (City of God), Book XIX, .chapter 12
			3.11 Thomas Aquinas: On Just War (Summa Theologica, 1265–1273)
				Whether It Is Always Sinful to Wage War?
		Justice for Whom?
			3.12 The Hebrew Bible: On Women, Slavery, and Homosexuality
			3.13 The New Testament: On Women, Slavery, and Homosexuality (C. 80)
			3.14 The Qur’an: On Women, Slavery, and Homosexuality (C. 632)
PART II The Legacy of Early Liberalism and the Enlightenment
	Introduction
		Questions for Part II
			II.1 United Nations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948): Articles 1–3
	4. Liberal Visions of Human Rights
		The Fight for Freedom of Expression and Against Religious Oppression
			4.1 United Nations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948): Articles 18–19
			4.2 John Milton: On Censorship (Areopagitica, 1644)
			4.3 John Locke: On the Separation of Religion and State (A Letter Concerning Toleration, 1689)
			4.4 Voltaire: Treatise On Tolerance (1763)
			4.5 Voltaire: “Fanaticism” (Philosophical Dictionary, 1764)
		The Right to Life (The Cases Against Torture and Capital Punishment)
			4.6 United Nations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948): Articles 3 and 5–12
			4.7 United Nations: International Covenant On Civil and Political Rights (Adopted 1966, Entry Into Force 1976): Part Iii, Article 6
			4.8 Thomas Hobbes: On the Inalienable Right to Life (The Leviathan, 1652)
				Chapter XIV: Of the First and Second Natural Laws, and of Contracts
			4.9 Cesare Beccaria: On Torture and the Death Penalty (Treatise On Crimes and Punishments, 1766)
				Chapter 2: The Right to Punish
				Chapter 16: Of Torture
				Chapter 28: The Death Penalty
		The Right to Property
			4.10 United Nations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948): Article 17
			4.11 Gerrard Winstanley: “A Declaration From the Poor Oppressed People of England” (1649)
			4.12 John Locke: On Property (The Second Treatise, 1690)
				Chapter II
				Chapter V
			4.13 Jean-Jacques Rousseau: On the Limits of Property (The Geneva Manuscript Or the First Draft of the Social Contract, C. 1756)
				Book I: Preliminary Concepts of the Social Body
			4.14 Maximilien De Robespierre: On Property Rights (1793)
			4.15 Thomas Paine: On the Origin of Universal Basic Income (Agrarian Justice, 1797)
				Means By Which the Fund Is to Be Created
		Counterpoint
			4.16 Edmund Burke: On Inheritance and the Principle of Inequality (Reflections On the Revolution in France, 1790)
	5. How to Promote a Liberal Conception of Human Rights
		Just War and the Right to Rebel
			5.1 United Nations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Preamble
			5.2 Hugo Grotius: On the Rights of War and Peace (The Law of War and Peace, 1625)
				Prolegomena
				Book II, Chapter I: The Causes of War: Defense of Self and Property
				Chapter XXII: On Unjust Causes [of Wars]
				Book III, Chapter IV
				Chapter XI: Moderation With Respect to the Right of Killing in a Lawful War
				Chapter XIV: Moderation in Regard to Prisoners of War
			5.3 John Locke: On the Separation of Powers and the Right to Rebel (The Second Treatise, 1690)
				Chapter II
				Chapter X: Of the Forms of a Commonwealth
				Chapter XII: Of the Legislative, Executive, and Federative Power of the Commonwealth
				Chapter XIX
			5.4 Jean-Jacques Rousseau: On Peace and War (The State of War, C. 1753–1755)
		Protectionism Versus Free Trade
			5.5 Jean-Jacques Rousseau: On the General Will and Commercial Inequity (The Geneva Manuscript Or the First Draft of the Social Contract, C. 1756)
				Chapter III: On the Fundamental Compact
			5.6 Jean-Jacques Rousseau: On Isolationism and Protectionism (Consideration On Government of Poland, 1772)
				Chapter XI: The Economic System
			5.7 Adam Smith: On Individual Liberties, Free Trade and Mutual Advantage (The Wealth of Nations, 1776)
				Book I
				Book IV
			5.8 Adam Smith: The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759)
				Part IV
		Republicanism, International Law and Global Governance
			5.9 Thomas Paine: On Just Revolutionary Wars, Commerce and Republicanism (The Rights of Man, 1791–1792)
			5.10 Maximilien De Robespierre: On Revolutionary Government (1793)
			5.11 Immanuel Kant: On Republican Peace and Cosmopolitan Order (Perpetual Peace, 1795)
				First Definitive Article of a Perpetual Peace
			5.12 Immanuel Kant: On Republican Peace and Cosmopolitan Order (The Metaphysics of Morals, 1797)
				Section I. The Right of a State
				Section II: International Right
				Section III: Cosmopolitan Right
				Conclusion
	6. Human Rights for Whom?
		6.1 United Nations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Articles 2 and 4
		6.2 Bartolomé De Las Casas (In Defense of the Indians, C. 1548)
		6.3 Hugo Grotius: On the Rights of the Stranger and the Refugee (The Law of War and Peace, 1625)
			Book II, Chapter II
		6.4 Olaudah Equiano: On the Memoirs of an African Slave (The Interesting Narrative, 1789)
		6.5 Adam Smith: On Slavery and Serfdom (The Wealth of Nations, 1776)
			Book III, Chapter 2
		6.6 Maximilien De Robespierre: On the Propertyless and Male Suffrage (1791)
		6.7 Immanuel Kant: On the Right to Hospitality (Perpetual Peace, 1795)
		6.8 Olympe De Gouges: The Declaration of the Rights of Woman (1790)
			The Rights of Woman
				Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen
				Form for a Social Contract Between Man and Woman
		6.9 Mary Wollstonecraft: A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)
			Introduction
			Parental Affection
			On National Education
		6.10 On The Admission of Jews to Rights of Citizenship (1791)
PART III The Socialist Contribution and the Industrial Age
	Introduction
		Questions for Part III
			III.1 T. H. Marshall: On Civil, Political, and Social Rights (Citizenship and Social Class, 1950)
			III.2 United Nations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Articles 20–26
	7. Challenging the Liberal Vision of Rights
		A Historical Materialist Approach
			7.1 Friedrich Engels: On the Question of Class Morality and Rights Relative to History (The Anti-Dühring, 1878)
				IX. Morality and Law — Eternal Truths
				X. Morality and Law — Equality
				XI. Morality and Law — Freedom and Necessity
		The Struggle for Voting Rights
			7.2 Chartism: On the Petition for Voting Rights (1837)
				A Law for Equally Representing the People of Great Britain and Ireland
			7.3 Karl Marx: On Universal Suffrage (1852)
			7.4 Ferdinand Lassalle: On Universal and Direct Suffrage (The Working Class Program, 1862)
			7.5 Manifesto of the Paris Commune (1871)
		The Struggle for Economic, Educational, and Social Rights
			7.6 Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (What Is Property? An Inquiry Into the Principle of Right and of Government, 1840)
				Chapter I: Method Pursued in This Work — The Idea of a Revolution
				On Government
			7.7 Louis Blanc: On the Material Basis for Health and Other Social Rights (Organization of Labor, 1848)
			7.8 Karl Marx: On Limitation of the Working Day (1866)
			7.9 Karl Marx: On Freedom of Association and Trade Unions (1866)
			7.10 Karl Marx: On Education for Both Sexes (1866)
			7.11 Karl Marx: On National Education (1869)
				[I]
				[II]
			7.12 Karl Marx: On Social and Economic Rights (Critique of the Gotha Program, 1891)
		Counterpoints
			7.13 Charles Darwin: On the Superiority of the Fittest (The Descent of Man, 1871)
			7.14 John Stuart Mill: On the Right to Education (On Liberty, 1859)
			7.15 John Stuart Mill: On the Right to Vote (Considerations On Representative Government, 1861)
	8. How to Promote a Socialist Perspective of Human Rights: Free Trade, Just War, and International Organizations
		On Free Trade’s Virtues and Injustices
			8.1 Karl Marx: The Communist Manifesto (1848)
			8.2 Karl Marx: “Speech On the Question of Free Trade” (1848)
		Just War: Violence Or Political Reform?
			8.3 Karl Marx: On the History of Class Warfare (The Communist Manifesto, 1848)
				Bourgeois and Proletarians
			8.4 Karl Marx: The Class Struggles in France (1850)
			8.5 Karl Marx: On the Possibility of a Non-Violent Revolution (1872)
			8.6 Rosa Luxemburg: On World War I and Imperialism (The Junius Pamphlet, 1916)
			8.7 Karl Kautsky: On Political Reform and Socialism (The Dictatorship of the Proletariat, 1918)
				The Problem
				Democracy and the Conquest of Political Power
				Democracy and the Maturity of the Proletariat
			8.8 Leon Trotsky (Their Morals and Ours, 1938)
				Moral Precepts Obligatory Upon All
				Morality and Revolution
				Revolution and the Institution of Hostages
				Dialectical Interdependence of End and Means
		International Organizations
			8.9 Pierre-Joseph Proudhon: The Principle of Federalism (1863)
				Isolation of the Idea of Federation
				Economic Sanctions: The Agro-Industrial Federation
			8.10 Karl Marx: “Inaugural Address of the Workingmen’s International Association” (1864)
			8.11 Leonard S. Woolf: On International Government and International Court (International Government, 1916)
				Chapter III: International Law
				Chapter IV: Treaties
				Chapter V: Conferences, Congresses, and the Concert of Europe
	9. Human Rights for Whom?
		9.1 Robert Owen: On Children (“An Address to the Inhabitants of Lanark,” 1816)
		9.2 Karl Marx: The Jewish Question (1843)
		9.3 Karl Marx: Letter to Abraham Lincoln On the Abolition of Slavery (1864)
		9.4 Sojourner Truth: On Women’s Rights (1851)
		9.5 August Bebel: Woman And Socialism (1883)
			Introduction
			Woman in the Future
		9.6 Clara Zetkin: On Women’s Rights and Social Classes (1896)
		9.7 Vladimir I. Lenin: On the Emancipation of Women (1919)
		9.8 J. Henry Dunant: On the Rights of Wounded Soldiers (A Memory of Solferino, 1862)
		9.9 August Bebel: On Homosexual Rights (“Speech to the Reichstag,” 1898)
PART IV The Right to Self-Determination and the Imperial Age
	Introduction
		Questions for Part IV
			IV.1 Eleanor Roosevelt: “The Universal Validity of Man’s Right to Self-Determination” (1952)
			IV.2 United Nations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Preamble, Articles 1–2, 15
			IV.3 United Nations: International Covenant On Civil and Political Rights and International Covenant On Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (Adopted 1966, Entry Into Force 1976), Article 1
	10. On the National Question
		10.1 Giuseppe Mazzini: On the Right to Country (The Duties of Man, 1844, 1858)
			I. To the Italian Working-Men (1844)
			V. Duties to Country (1858)
		10.2 John Stuart Mill: Considerations On Representative Government (1861)
			Chapter XVI: Of Nationality, as Connected With Representative Government
			Chapter XVIII: Of the Government of Dependencies By a Free State
		10.3 Ernest Renan: What Is a Nation? (1882)
			II
			III
		10.4 Rosa Luxemburg: The National Question and Autonomy (1909)
			I. The Right of Nations to Self-Determination
			II.
			III.
		10.5 Vladimir I. Lenin: The Right of Nations to Self-Determination (1914)
			What Is Self-Determination of Nations?
		10.6 Woodrow Wilson: “The Fourteen Points Address” (1918)
			An Address to a Joint Session of Congress
		10.7 Mahatma Gandhi: “Passive Resistance” (1909)
		10.8 Mahatma Gandhi: “An Appeal to the Nation” (1924)
		10.9 Mahatma Gandhi: “Means and Ends” (1909–1947)
		10.10 Mahatma Gandhi: “Equal Distribution Through Nonviolence” (1940)
		10.11 Sati’ Al-Husri: “Muslim Unity and Arab Unity” (1944)
		10.12 Ho Chi Minh: “Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam” (1945)
		10.13 Frantz Fanon: The Wretched of the Earth (1963)
			Concerning Violence
			The Pitfalls of National Consciousness
PART V Human Rights in the Era of Globalization and Populism
	Introduction
		V.1 Thomas L. Friedman and Ignacio Ramonet: “Dueling Globalizations” (1999)
			DOS Capital
			A New Totalitarianism
			Magnates and Misfits
			Dos Capital 2.0
			Let Them Eat Big Macs
		V.2 Micheline Ishay: “Human Rights In The Age of Populism” (2020)
			1. Why Populism?
			2. Left Wing Populism?
			3. How Should We Reclaim Human Rights Strategies?
	11. Redefining Rights
		Questions for Chapter 11
		On Labor and Development Rights
			11.1 Milton Friedman: “Economic Freedom, Human Freedom, Political Freedom” (1991)
			11.2 Charles Tilly: “Globalization Threatens Labor’s Rights” (1995)
			11.3 Amnesty International: “Amnesty International On Human Rights and Labour Rights” (1998)
			11.4 Amartya Sen: Development as Freedom (1999)
				Constitutive and Instrumental Roles of Freedom
				Instrumental Freedoms
				Interconnections and Complementarity
			11.5 John G. Ruggie: On Business and Human Rights (2020)
		On Environmental Rights
			11.6 Ken Saro-Wiwa: On Environmental Rights of the Ogoni People in Nigeria (1995)
			11.7 Ramachandra Guha: “Radical American Environmentalism and Wilderness Preservation: A Third World Critique” (1989)
				The Tenets of Deep Ecology
				Toward a Critique
				A Homily
			11.8 Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights: “Understanding Human Rights and Climate Change” (2015)
				Key Messages on Human Rights and Climate Change
				Why integrate human rights in climate change-related actions?
				How can human rights be integrated in climate-change related actions?
				Which human rights are most affected by climate change?
					The Right to Life
					The Right to Self-Determination
					The Right to Development
					The Right to Food
					The Right to Water and Sanitation
					The Right to Health
					The Right to Housing
					The Right to Education
					The Rights of Those Most Affected By Climate Change
				Realizing human rights in a warming world
	12. How to Protect and Promote Human Rights
		Questions for Chapter 12
		On Security Rights Versus Torture
			12.1 U.S. Department of Justice Memorandum: On Torture (2002)
				Re: Standards of Conduct for Interrogation Under 18 U.S.C. §§ 2340–2340A
			12.2 U.S. Department of Justice Memorandum: On Torture (2004)
		Counterpoints
			12.3 Charles Krauthammer: “The Truth About Torture” (2005)
			12.4 Stephen Holmes: On Torture and the Defiance of Law in the War On Terror (2006)
				Lawyers for Torture
				Reliability On Trial
				Alternatives and Side-Effects
				The Secret of the Ticking Bomb
				Mirror-Imaging
		On Humanitarian Interventions
			12.5 Samantha Power: “Raising the Cost of Genocide” (2002)
			12.6 Michael Ignatieff: “The Burden” (2003)
				II
				VI
			12.7 Eric Hobsbawm: “Spreading Democracy” (2004)
			12.8 Micheline Ishay: “Debating Globalization and Intervention: Spartacists Versus Caesarists” (2005)
				Dueling Over Globalization
				Dueling Over Humanitarian Interventions: The Sharpening of the Spartacist and Caesarist Positions
				Dueling Over Nation-Building
				Transcending Spartacism and Caesarism
			12.9 United Nations Secretary-General: “Implementing the Responsibility to Protect” (2009)
			12.10 Michael Walzer: “The Aftermath of War: Reflections On Jus Post Bellum” (2012)
		On the International Criminal Court and Human Rights Governance
			12.11 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998)
			12.12 Micheline Ishay: “Liberal Internationalisms, Human Rights and International Criminal Justice: Looking Back to Reclaim the Future” (2015)
				1. Introduction
				2. Four Moments of Liberal Internationalism
				3. Globalization and the Future of International Criminal Justice and Human Rights
	13. Human Rights for Whom?
		Questions for Chapter 13
		On The Rights of Citizens Versus the Rights of Refugees and Immigrants
			13.1 Hannah Arendt: On the Rights of the Stateless (The Origins of Totalitarianism, 1951)
				The Perplexities of the Rights of Man
			13.2 Bryan Caplan: On the Libertarian Case for Open Borders (“Why Should We Restrict Immigration?,” 2012)
				Protecting American Workers?
				Protecting American Taxpayers?
				Protecting American Culture?
				Protecting American Liberty?
				Protecting Property Rights?
				Conclusion: The Presumption in Favor of Immigration
			13.3 Angela Nagle: “The Left Case Against Open Borders” (2018)
				The Human Cost of Globalization
				Corporate Interests and Moral Blackmail
			13.4 Lea Ypi: “Why the Left Should Unite Behind Open Borders” (2019)
			13.5 Documents: Refugee and Migrant Rights and Human Trafficking
				I. United Nations: Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (Adopted 1951, Entry Into Force 1954)
				II. United Nations: Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (1967)
				III. United Nations: Convention On the Rights of the Child (Adopted 1989, Entry Into Force 1990)
				Iv. United Nations: International Convention On the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (Adopted 1990, Entry Into Force 2003)
				V. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights: Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children (Adopted 2000, Entry Into Force 2003)
		On Cultural and Group Rights Versus Universalism
			13.6 United Nations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Articles 1–2 and 29
			13.7 United Nations: International Covenant On Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (Adopted 1966, Entry Into Force 1976), Article 15
			13.8 United Nations: International Covenant On Civil and Political Rights (Adopted 1966, Entry Into Force 1976), Article 27
			13.9 Steven Lukes: “Five Fables About Human Rights” (1993)
			13.10 Eric Hobsbawm: “The Universalism of the Left” (1996)
				Universalism of the Left
				The Common Interest
			13.11 Rhoda E. Howard-Hassman and Jack Donnelly: “Liberalism and Human Rights: A Necessary Connection” (1996)
				A. Liberalism, Equality, and Personal Autonomy
				B. Liberalism and International Human Rights
			13.12 Richard Rorty: “Human Rights, Rationality, and Sentimentality” (1993)
			13.13 Liu Xiaobo: Charter 08 (2008)
				I. Foreword
				II. Our Fundamental Principles
				III. What We Advocate
			13.14 Chandra Muzaffar: On Western Imperialism and Human Rights (1994)
			13.15 Will Kymlicka: On Indigenous Rights (“The Good, the Bad, and the Intolerable: Minority Group Rights,” 1996)
				Two Kinds of Group Rights
				The Limits of Toleration
			13.16 Martha Nussbaum: “Women and Cultural Universals” (Sex and Social Justice, 1999)
				II. Anti-Universalist Conversations
				III. The Attack On Universalism
				IV. A Conception of the Human Being: The Central Human Capabilities
			13.17 Carl F. Stychin: “Same-Sex Sexualities and the Globalization of Human Rights Discourse” (2004)
				Introduction
				Concluding Thoughts
			13.18 Tia Powell, Sophia Shapiro, and Ed Stein: “Transgender Rights as Human Rights” (2016)
				Introduction
				Arguments for Recognition and Expanded Protection of Transpersons’ Rights
				Interpretations and Critiques of “Born That Way” Arguments
				Transgender Rights as Human Rights
			13.19 Michelle Alexander: The New Jim Crow (2010)
			13.20 Frédéric Mégret: “The Disabilities Convention: Human Rights of Persons With Disabilities Or Disability Rights?” (2008)
				Introduction
	14. Debating the Future of Human Rights
		Questions for Chapter 14
		Digital Surveillance, Discrimination, and Human Rights
			14.1 Michelle Bachelet: “Human Rights in the Digital Age” (2019)
			14.2 Shoshana Zuboff: “Surveillance Capitalism and the Challenge of Collective Action” (2019)
				What Is Surveillance Capitalism?
				Surveillance Capitalism’s Origins and “Laws of Motion”
				Economic Imperatives
				The Rise of Instrumentarian Power
				The Challenge to Collective Action
			14.3 Shoshana Zuboff: On Digital Behavioral Control and the Right to Have Rights (2019)
				Instrumentarian Power as a Coup From Above
			14.4 Andrew Feenberg: On Claiming Digital Governance (2019)
				Critical Constructivism and the Question of Governance
				Conclusion
		The Right to Health After the Pandemic
			14.5 Michel Foucault: On Surveillance and the Plague (Discipline and Punish, 1975)
			14.6 World Health Organization: “Human Rights and Health” (2017)
				Key Facts
				Focus On Disadvantaged Populations
				Violations of Human Rights in Health
				Human Rights-Based Approaches
				Core Principles of Human Rights
				Core Elements of a Right to Health
			14.7 Yuval Noah Harari: “The World After Coronavirus” (2020)
				Under-the-skin Surveillance
				The Emergency Pudding
				The Soap Police
				We Need a Global Plan
			14.8 António Guterres: “The World Faces a Pandemic of Human Rights Abuses in the Wake of Covid-19” (2021)
		Artificial Intelligence, Bioengineering, and Human Rights
			14.9 Mathias Risse: “Human Rights and Artificial Intelligence: An Urgently Needed Agenda” (2019)
				I. Introduction
				II. AI and Human Rights
				III. The Morality of Pure Intelligence
				IV. Human Rights and the Problem of Value Alignment
				V. Artificial Stupidity and the Power of Companies
				VI. The Great Disconnect: Technology and Inequality
				VII. Conclusion
			14.10 Rumiana Yotova: “Regulating Genome Editing Under International Human Rights Law” (2020)
				I. Introduction
				II. Regulatory and Policy Challenges Posed By Genome Editing
				Iii. The Regulation of Genome Editing Under Human Rights Law
				IV. Conclusion
			14.11 Walter Isaacson: On Genome Editing and the Future of the Human Race (The Code Breaker, 2021)
				Red Lines
				Who Should Decide?
PART VI Human Rights and Legal Documents: A Brief Historical Narrative
	Introduction
		Phase I: From the Magna Carta to the Enlightenment
		Phase II: From Social Reforms to the International Geneva Convention
		Phase III: The Search for an International Legal Regime
		Phase IV: The Road to the U.N. Charter and the U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights
		Phase V: The Cold War, Anti-Colonial Struggle, and the Division of Human Rights
		Phase VI: The Rise of Rights for Specific Regions, Themes, and Groups
	15. Selected International Human Rights Documents
		15.1 The Magna Carta (1215)
		15.2 The Habeas Corpus Act (1679)
		15.3 The English Bill of Rights (1689)
		15.4 The United States Declaration of Independence (1776)
		15.5 The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789)
		15.6 United Nations: Charter of the United Nations (1945)
			Chapter I: Purposes and Principles
		15.7 United Nations: Convention On the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Adopted 1948, Entry Into Force 1951)
		15.8 United Nations: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
		15.9 Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (Adopted 1949, Entry Into Force 1950)
			General Provisions
		15.10 Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 (Adopted 1977, Entry Into Force 1979)
		15.11 Council of Europe: Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (Adopted 1950, Entry Into Force 1953)
			Section I: Rights and Freedoms
			Section II: European Court of Human Rights
		15.12 United Nations: International Covenant On Civil and Political Rights (Adopted 1966, Entry Into Force 1976)
			Part I
			Part II
			Part III
		15.13 United Nations: International Covenant On Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (Adopted 1966, Entry Into Force 1976)
			Part I
			Part II
			Part III
		15.14 Organization of American States: American Convention On Human Rights (Adopted 1969; Entry Into Force 1978)
			Part I: State Obligations and Rights Protected
				Chapter I: General Obligations
				Chapter II: Civil and Political Rights
				Chapter III: Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
				Chapter IV: Suspension of Guarantees, Interpretation, and Application
				Chapter V: Personal Responsibilities
		15.15 United Nations: Convention On the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (Adopted 1979; Entry Into Force 1981)
			Part 1
			Part II
			Part III
			Part IV
		15.16 United Nations: Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman Or Degrading Treatment Or Punishment (Adopted 1984, Entry Into Force 1987)
			Part I
		15.17 United Nations: Convention On the Rights of the Child (Adopted 1989, Entry Into Force 1990)
			Part I
		15.18 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa: Chapter Two, Bill of Rights (1996)
Permission Acknowledgements
Index