The Holy Land in the Middle Ages: six travelers' accounts

The Pilgrimage of the Holy Paula and the Letter of Paula and Eustochium
	Introduction
	The Pilgrimage of the Holy Paula by St. Jerome
	The Letter of Paula and Eustochium to Marcella about the Holy Places
The Description of Syria and Palestine by Mukaddasi
	Introduction
	The District of Palestine by Mukaddasi
Diary of a Journey through Syria and Palestine by Nâsir‑i‑Khusrau
	Introduction
	Preface
	Diary of a Journey through Syria & Palestine by Nâsir‑i‑Khusrau
Guide to the Holy Land by Theoderich of Würzburg
	Preface to the First Edition
	Preface
	Introduction
	Prologue
	Guide to the Holy Land by Theoderich of Würzburg
The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela
	Introduction
	Excerpt from the Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela
Gazetteer
Bibliography
	Reference Works
	Primary Sources
	Secondary Works
Maps and Views of the Holy Land
	Interactive Detail of Map of the Holy Land, c.1140.
	Sallust-Type Map, c.1200.
	View of the Holy Land by Abraham and Jehuda Cresques, 1375.
	View of the Holy Land (left panel) by Bernhard von Breydenbach, 1486.
	View of the Holy Land (center panel) by Bernhard von Breydenbach, 1486.
	View of the Holy Land (right panel) by Bernhard von Breydenbach, 1486.
	World Map with Jerusalem at the Center, 1581.
	Map of the Holy Land by Marino Sanudo, 1611.
Maps and Views of Jerusalem
	Madaba Map of Jerusalem, c.570.
	Plan of Jerusalem, c.1200.
	Plan of Jerusalem, c.1200.
	Map of Jerusalem by Nicolas of Lyra, c.1270-1349.
	View of Jerusalem by Nicolas, of Lyra, c.1270-1349.
	View of Jerusalem, c.1455.
	View of Jerusalem by Conrad Grünenberg, 1487.
	View of Jerusalem by Hartmann Schedel, 1493.
	Destruction of Jerusalem by Hartmann Schedel, 1493.
	Imaginary View of Jerusalem by Sebastian Brant, 1515.
	View of Jerusalem by Sebastian Muenster, 1550.
	View of Jerusalem by Sebastian Muenster, 1550.
	View of Jerusalem by Noe Bianchi, ante 1569.
	Map of Jerusalem by Benedictus Arias Montanus, 1572.
	Woodcut Map of Jerusalem, c.1580.
	Map of Jerusalem by Electus Zwinner, 1661.
Plans of Important Buildings
	Interactive Plan of Jerusalem.
	Plan of Solomon’s Temple.
	Interactive Plan of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher.
	Plan of the Dome of the Rock.
	Plan of El Aksâ Mosque, c.985.
	Plan of El Aksâ Mosque, 1888.
	Plan of the Temple Mount.
	Plan of the Cave of the Patriarchs.
Accon: Crusader sea wall, c.1920–33. Source: Library of Congress.
Accon: St. Jean d’Acre April 24th 1839 by David Roberts. Source: Library of Congress.
Accon: The Crusader Castle, c.1920–33. Source: Library of Congress.
Ajalon: Valley of Ajalon and Beth Horon, c.1900–20. Source: Library of Congress.
Al Madînah: Courtyard (southeast corner) of the holy mosque with the Garden of Fâtima. Source: Library of Congress.
Aleppo: View of from the castle, c.1900–20. Source: Library of Congress.
Amman: View from acropolis hill, showing Roman theatre [Solomon’s Circus], c.1920–33. Source: Library of Congress.
View of Ascalon.
Bethel, c.1900–20. Source: Library of Congress.
Bethlehem by David Roberts, April 6th 1839. Source: Library of Congress.
Bethlehem, the Manger, between c.1890 and c.1900. Source: Library of Congress.
Bethlehem: Shrine of the Nativity Bethlehem, April 6th 1839 by David Roberts. Source: Library of Congress.
Bethlehem: Tomb of David by P. Bergheim, between 1860 and 1880. Source: Library of Congress.
Bethphage, between 1898 and 1914. Source: Library of Congress.
Bethsames (Beth Shemesh), May 1931. Source: Library of Congress.
Bethsaida, approximately 1900 to 1920. Source: Library of Congress.
Bethsan, between 1900 and 1920. Source: Library of Congress.
Ain Gedeirat, possibly Cadesbarne, between 1920 and 1933. Source: Library of Congress.
Caesarea: Ruins of ancient sea-front, c.1920 to 1933. Source: Library of Congress.
Cana, between 1989 and 1946. Source: Library of Congress.
Capernaum: Ruins of the synagogue. (Tel Hum), between 1898 and 1943. Source: Library of Congress.
Cariathiarim: Crusader church, north aisle, Oct. 10, 1941. Source: Library of Congress.
Cariathiarim: Excavations at Tell Beit Mirsim (Kirjath-Sepher) 1926. Source: Library of Congress.
Dead Sea: looking towards Moab by David Roberts, April 4th 1839. Source: Library of Congress.
Fountain of Elisha, approximately 1900 to 1920. Source: Library of Congress.
Gibeleth, approximately 1900 to 1920. Source: Library of Congress.
Haifa: View from top of Carmel approximately 1920 to 1933. Source: Library of Congress.
Hebron, between 1950 and 1977. Matson Photo service. Source: Library of Congress.
Jaffa by David Roberts, March 26th 1839. Source: Library of Congress.
Idumaea: Sunrise over Mountains of Edom from Dead Sea, approx. 1900 to 1920. Source: Library of Congress.
Mosque el-Aksâ, approximately 1934 to 1939. Source: Library of Congress.
Bethany by David Roberts, April 1st 1839. Source: Library of Congress.
Tomb of Lazarus, between 1898 and 1914. Source: Library of Congress.
Jerusalem: Dome of the Ascension, between 1898 and 1946. Source: Library of Congress.
Dome of the Chain: Interior, 1940–46. Source: Library of Congress.
Gate Dâûd: David’s Gate, date unknown. Source: Library of Congress.
Gate of David’s Oratory: Jaffa Gate by P. Bergheim, between 1860 and 1880. Source: Library of Congress.
Damascus Gate.
Golden Gate by David Roberts, published 1842. Source: Library of Congress.
Gethsemane and Mount of Olive, 1933 or 1934. Source: Library of Congress.
Gethsemane, Church of St. Mary, Tomb of the Virgin, by P. Bergheim, between 1860 and 1880. Source: Library of Congress.
Jerusalem: Holy Sepulcher Church, Crusader’s Façade, photo between 1898 and 1946. Source: Library of Congress.
Jerusalem: Holy Sepulcher Church, Holy Sepulcher Chapel, between 1989 and 1914. Source: Library of Congress.
Jerusalem: Holy Sepulcher Church, Chapel of St. Helena, published February 8, 1944. Source: Library of Congress.
Jerusalem: Chapel of Calvary in Church of the Holy Sepulcher, March 1942. Top, Greek, Left, Latin. Source: Library of Congress.
Jerusalem: Chapel of the Invention of the Cross in Church of the Holy Sepulcher, between 1898 and 1914. Source: Library of Congress.
Jerusalem: Mount of Olives and Gethsemane, general view, between c.1890 and c.1900. Source: Library of Congress.
Jerusalem: Church of the Ascension on the Mount of Olives by Francis Frith, 1862? Source: Library of Congress.
Fountain of Siloam in the Valley of Jehosophat by David Roberts, published 1842 Source: Library of Congress.
Church of St. Anne, approximately 1900 to 1920. Source: Library of Congress.
Jerusalem: Stone of Unction, between 1934 and 1939. Source: Library of Congress.
Jerusalem: The Dome of the Rock, south façade, showing the ablution basin through the cypress trees, between 1898 and 1946. Source: Library of Congress.
Jerusalem: The Dome of the Rock, north façade from arched street, between 1898 and 1946. Source: Library of Congress.
Jerusalem: Tomb of Absalom, photo by P. Bergheim, between 1860 and 1980. Source: Library of Congress.
Jerusalem: Tower of David with Citadel in background between 1898 and 1946 (above); Via Dolorosa, between 1898 and 1914 (below left). Source: Library of Congress.
Jordan River, between 1920 and 1933. Source: Library of Congress.
Jerusalem: Valleys of Jehoshaphat and Hinnom with Kedron Brook, between c.1900 and 1920. Source: Library of Congress.
Sea of Kinnereth, c.1925 to 1946. Source: Library of Congress.
Brook of Kedumin (Kishon River), between 1900 and 1920. Source: Library of Congress.
Christian Church of St George at Lud ancient Lydda by David Roberts, March 29 1839. Source: Library of Congress.
Mecca: Bird’s-eye view of uncrowded Kaaba, c.1910. Source: Library of Congress.
Mambre Excavations, between 1950 and 1977. Source: Library of Congress.
Mount Ebal & Mount Gerizim, with Nablus in foreground, between 1898 and 1946. Source: Library of Congress.
Mount Tabor from the Plain of Esdraelon by David Roberts, April 19th 1839. Source: Library of Congress.
Nablus, between 1898 and 1946. Source: Library of Congress.
Nazareth by David Roberts, April 28th 1839. Source: Library of Congress.
Paneas, the ancient Caesarea Philippi by Francis Frith, 1862? Source: Library of Congress.
View from Quarantana of the Jordan Valley, approximately 1900 to 1920. Source: Library of Congress.
Ramleh, between c.1890 and c.1900. Source: Library of Congress.
Samaria: Church of St. John, interior, approximately 1900–1920.Source: Library of Congress.
Sarepta by David Roberts, April 27th 1839.Source: Library of Congress.
Sepphoris: Roman remains, approximately 1920 to 1933.Source: Library of Congress.
Tiberias: view, between 1934 and 1939. Source: Library of Congress.
Tomb of Rachel, on the road near Bethlehem, between 1898 and 1946.Source: Library of Congress.
Ancient Tyre from the Isthmus by David Roberts, April 27th 1839.Source: Library of Congress.