The History of Government from the Earliest Times, Vol. 2: The Intermediate Ages

The History of Government From the Earliest Times......Page 2
CONTENTS......Page 4
BOOK III......Page 7
2. The Political Relevance of the 'Historic' Religions......Page 8
3. New States for Old......Page 11
4. Migrations and Invasions......Page 14
5. The State System at the Close of the Middle Age......Page 15
I The Byzantine Empire (c.1000)......Page 17
I. Chronology......Page 18
2. The Nature of the Byzantine Polity......Page 22
3. The Territorial Framework......Page 24
4.1. The Emperor: Dignity and Powers......Page 25
4.2. The Emperor and the Political Process......Page 30
4.3.1. Organization and Functions......Page 33
4.3.2. Personnel......Page 37
5.1.1. The Army......Page 39
5.1.2. The Navy......Page 41
5.1.3. Diplomacy......Page 42
5.2.2. The Judicial System......Page 43
5.3.1. Direct Taxation......Page 45
5.4. The Government of Constantinople......Page 46
6.1. Defence......Page 48
6.2. Security and Stability......Page 49
6.4. Legality and the Courts......Page 50
6.5. Taxation and Public Finance......Page 52
6.7. Freedom and Orthodoxy......Page 53
7. Conclusion: The Significance and Legacy of the Byzantine Polity......Page 56
2 The Empire of the Caliphate (c.900)......Page 59
Muhammad, c.570–632......Page 62
The Umayyad Dynasty, 661–750......Page 63
2.1. Strengths......Page 64
2.2. Weaknesses......Page 66
3. The Nature of the Polity: Comparisons and Contrasts......Page 68
3.1. Summary: The Nature of the Polity......Page 72
4.1. The Formal Organization......Page 73
4.2. The Human Geography......Page 75
4.3. The Informal Organization......Page 76
5.1. The Caliphate......Page 79
5.2.1. The Firmament of Law......Page 82
Majesty and Might......Page 88
The Regular Political Process: The Caliph's Day......Page 89
5.3.1. The Flawed Title to the Caliphate......Page 91
5.3.2. The Pathology of the Political Process: Inside the Court......Page 93
5.3.3. The Pathology of the Political Process: Against the Court......Page 94
6.1.1. The Household......Page 98
6.1.2. The Departments......Page 100
6.1.3. The Personnel......Page 102
6.2.1. Personnel and Recruitment......Page 103
6.2.2. Military Formation, Tactics, and Order of Battle......Page 104
7.1. Defence97......Page 105
7.2 Law and Order......Page 106
7.3. Taxation......Page 109
8.1. Defence and Internal Tranquillity......Page 110
8.2. Justice......Page 112
8.3. Taxing and Spending......Page 116
9. Conclusion: The Nature and Limitations of the Caliphal Empire......Page 119
1. Significance and Nature of the Mamluk Polity......Page 122
2.2. Who were Mamluks?......Page 123
3. Egypt......Page 124
4.2. The Mamluk Establishment......Page 125
4.3. The Mamluk Army......Page 127
4.4. The Political Process......Page 128
5. The Balance-Sheet of Mamluk Rule......Page 129
5.1. Appraisal......Page 131
1.1 The Successor State: Chronology......Page 132
The T'ang, 618–907......Page 133
1.2. Change and Continuity......Page 134
1.3. The T'ang Empire......Page 137
1.4. The Sui Legacy......Page 138
1.5. The T'ang Empire, 618–907......Page 139
2.1. The Central Government: Overview......Page 140
2.2. Local Government......Page 143
Emperor and Court......Page 146
The Bureaucracy......Page 150
Its Structure and Function......Page 151
Developing Trends in the Central Bureaucracy, 618–755......Page 155
The Social and Political Significance of the Bureaucracy......Page 157
2.3.2 The Local Government......Page 159
The Taxation System......Page 162
Intervention Relating to the Peasants and Agriculture......Page 167
Intervention in Commerce and the Towns......Page 168
Law and Order......Page 170
2.3.4. Defence and the Military Establishment......Page 175
3.2. The Post-Rebellion Settlement......Page 178
3.3.1. The Palace Supersedes the Mandarinate......Page 180
3.3.2. The New Pattern in the Localities......Page 186
3.4. Services: Defence, Taxation, Security......Page 188
4. The End of the T'ang (874–907)......Page 190
5. Conclusion......Page 197
4 Government Under the Ming, 1368–1644......Page 200
1.1. The Economy......Page 201
1.2. Literacy, Ideology, and Society......Page 204
2. The Transit of the Ming......Page 206
CHRONOLOGY......Page 207
3. The Structure of Government......Page 208
4. The Chinese Constitution......Page 211
5. Paperwork and Paralysis......Page 226
6. The Government-Notables Alliance......Page 231
7. Maladministration......Page 235
7.1. Taxation......Page 237
7.2. Military......Page 240
8. The Nature of the Regime......Page 242
9. The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Ming Regime......Page 246
1. The Dark Ages......Page 249
2.1. Christianity......Page 251
2.2 Feudalism......Page 258
2.2.1. Non-Territoriality......Page 268
2.2.2. Federalism......Page 269
2.3.1. The New Art of War......Page 270
2.3.2. Knighthood and Chivalry......Page 271
2.3.3. The Conduct of War......Page 274
3. Structures and Processes in the Medieval Regnum......Page 276
3.1. Kingship......Page 277
3.2.1. Before Gregory VII......Page 282
3.2.2. The Post-Gregorian Church......Page 283
3.3. The Towns......Page 288
I. The Political Geography of Western and Middle Europe......Page 290
2. The Development of the European Regna......Page 292
3.1. Development......Page 293
3.2. Government Under Edward I......Page 302
4.1. Development......Page 313
4.2.1. The Central Administration......Page 320
4.2.2. The Localities......Page 325
5. The Distintegration of the Kingdom of Germany......Page 329
CHRONOLOGY......Page 330
5.1. The Ottonian Kingdom, 919-1077......Page 332
5.2. Feudal Germany......Page 336
5.3. The Systematization of Feudalism in Germany......Page 338
5.4. The Dismemberment of the German Kingdom......Page 340
7 The Republican Alternative: Florence and Venice......Page 344
I. The Thrust to Autonomy......Page 345
2. Italia Insanguinata......Page 353
3. The City-Republic......Page 357
4. The Government of Florence, c.1370......Page 358
CHRONOLOGY......Page 359
4.2. The Policy Organs......Page 360
4.3. Administration and Services......Page 364
4.4. The Working Constitution......Page 367
4.5. An Appraisal......Page 373
4.5.1. The Political Process......Page 377
5.1. A Chronology......Page 379
5.1.1. The Flabiniaco Constitution, 1032......Page 381
5.1.2. The Constitution of 1172......Page 382
5.1.3. The Completion of the Constitution......Page 383
5.2. Venice, c.1420......Page 385
5.3. The Structure of Government......Page 387
5.4. The Political Process......Page 403
5.5. The Activities of Government......Page 406
5.6. The Best-Governed Place in the World?......Page 410
6. The Legacy of the Medieval Republics......Page 413
1. The Great Political Invention of the Middle Ages......Page 418
2. The Clerical and the Secular Lineages of Representation......Page 423
3. The Meaning of 'Representation'......Page 426
4.2. Structure......Page 430
4.4.2. Petitioning and Legislating......Page 431
4.5. Some Characteristic Strengths or Weaknesses......Page 432
5.1. The Parliament of England......Page 433
5.2. The Estates-General in France......Page 436
5.3. The Polish Sejm......Page 439
6. The Fate of the Representative Principle......Page 444
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 446