The History of Gauged Brickwork: Conservation, Repair and Modern Application (Butterworth-Heinemann Seris in Conservation and Museology)

THE HISTORY OF GAUGED BRICKWORK......Page 4
COPYRIGHT PAGE......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 8
FOREWORD......Page 14
PREFACE......Page 16
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 20
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 24
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 26
Historical perspective......Page 36
Introduction......Page 42
Bricklayers and the Craft Guilds......Page 43
Brickmaking in the Medieval and Tudor Periods......Page 46
Hewen Bricks and Brickhewers......Page 49
The Flemish Influence......Page 54
Brugge......Page 57
Poperinge......Page 60
A Master Builder's Workshop......Page 63
Later Examples of Fine Flemish Gauged Work......Page 67
Bricklayers and Brickmasons in England......Page 68
Post-fired Cutting or Green Moulded......Page 69
Cutting Mouldings from 'Green' Clay......Page 70
Cutting Tools and Techniques......Page 73
Chisels......Page 75
Brick Axe......Page 76
Axing Technique in Practice......Page 88
Files......Page 91
Timber......Page 92
Background to Project......Page 93
Background of the Contractors......Page 96
The Practical Work......Page 97
Case Study: Traditional Forging and Sharpening of Brick Axes......Page 101
Introduction......Page 112
Master Bricklayer and the Architect......Page 114
The Artisan Mannerist Movement......Page 116
Prominent Artisan Architects and Master Craftsmen......Page 120
The Dutch Influence on English Classical Gauged Work......Page 128
Leiden......Page 129
Bricklayer's Guilds and 'Gildeproeven'......Page 131
De Waag – Amsterdam......Page 132
Dutch Bricklayers in Post-Restoration London......Page 138
The Principal Architect's Perspective......Page 140
Archaeology and Research......Page 152
Citations......Page 154
The Architect's Perspective......Page 155
The Brickmason's Perspective......Page 159
Introduction......Page 166
Brickmaking......Page 167
Cut and Rubbed and Gauged Work in Early Colonial America......Page 177
Post-Restoration English Gauged Brickwork......Page 181
Sir Hugh May......Page 183
Sir Roger Pratt......Page 186
Dr. Robert Hooke......Page 189
Sir Christopher Wren......Page 191
Influential City Master Bricklayers......Page 193
Edward Helder......Page 194
Joseph Moxon and Mechanick Exercises......Page 204
Mechanick Exercises: OR, The Doctrine of Handy-Works. Applied to the ART of Bricklayers Work......Page 205
The Semi-Elliptical Arch......Page 219
The Straight Arch......Page 221
Architects Perspective......Page 223
The Craftperson's Perspective......Page 224
Introduction......Page 232
Building Acts and Builders' Pattern Books......Page 235
Brickmaking......Page 236
The Georgian Bricklayer......Page 241
Tools and Equipment for Gauged Work......Page 244
Gauged Arches......Page 251
Gauged Niches......Page 263
Niches with Horizontal Hood Courses......Page 266
Eighteenth-Century Gauged Brickwork in Colonial America......Page 268
David Minitree (c.1700–1774) – Brickmaker and Master Bricklayer......Page 269
Case Study: Warfield House, Warfield, Berkshire, England......Page 272
Introduction......Page 282
Brickmaking......Page 286
Beart's White Rubbers......Page 289
Chalfont Red Rubbers......Page 290
Cornard's Rubbers......Page 291
Fareham Reds......Page 292
Roshers Red Rubbers......Page 295
TLB Red Rubbers......Page 296
Woolpit Rubbers......Page 299
The Introduction of Scientific Testing......Page 300
Victorian and Edwardian Bricklayers......Page 304
Changes in the Cutting-Shed......Page 309
Making a Twisted Wire Blade......Page 322
Tensioning the Twisted Wire Blade in the Bow Saw and Cutting Bricks......Page 324
Dry-Bonding Gauged Work Prior to Building......Page 329
Lime-Putty Mortar and its Preparation......Page 330
Setting the Gauged Work – Ashlar, Arched, and Carved......Page 333
Measuring Gauged Work......Page 340
The Use of Gauged Brickwork in the Revivalist Styles......Page 341
The Use of Reinforcement in Gauged Work......Page 345
The Building Surveyor's Perspective......Page 348
The Bricklayer's Perspective......Page 351
Introduction......Page 358
Brickmaking – A Changing Rubbing Brick......Page 359
Modern Rubbing Brick Production......Page 363
W.T. Lamb and Sons Limited......Page 364
Bulmer Brick and Tile Company Ltd, Suffolk......Page 367
W.C. Reades of Aldeburgh, Suffolk......Page 368
Michelmersh Brick and Tile Company Ltd, Hampshire......Page 369
H.G. Matthews, Buckinghamshire......Page 372
The York Handmade Brick Company Ltd, Yorkshire......Page 374
Sussex Hand Made Bricks, Virginia, USA......Page 375
The Frost Resistance of Rubbing Bricks......Page 376
Future Prospects for Rubbing Brick Producers......Page 377
Gauged Brickwork from 1918–1939......Page 381
The Post-Second World War Period......Page 383
The Lime Revival and its Use for Gauged Work......Page 388
Modern Use of Gauged Work......Page 392
Bricklayers – from Apprenticeships to Training Schemes......Page 399
Teaching Cut and Rubbed and Gauged Brickwork within NVQ at College......Page 408
Putting Value Back into Craft Education and Training......Page 409
Current Craft Apprenticeships and Training......Page 410
Recruitment of Students......Page 412
A Student-Employer Agreement......Page 413
Loss of Time-Served Apprenticeships......Page 414
Recommendations......Page 415
Future Prospects for Training in Cut and Rubbed and Gauged Brickwork......Page 416
Conservation and Repair of Cut and Rubbed and Gauged Brickwork......Page 420
The Craftsman's Perspective......Page 423
Practical Testing in the Cutting of Historic and Modern Rubbing Bricks......Page 429
Results and Discussion......Page 431
Case Study: The Characteristics and Properties of Rubbing Bricks......Page 434
Case-hardening......Page 435
Results and Discussion......Page 437
Conclusions......Page 443
REFERENCES......Page 444
Conservation, Restoration, and Training Policy and Guidance......Page 452
A......Page 454
B......Page 455
C......Page 456
E......Page 459
F......Page 460
G......Page 461
H......Page 462
K......Page 463
M......Page 464
P......Page 465
R......Page 467
S......Page 468
T......Page 469
W......Page 470
B......Page 472
C......Page 473
G......Page 474
J......Page 475
N......Page 476
S......Page 477
V......Page 478
Y......Page 479