The History of China (Understanding China)

TITLE......Page 4
COPYRIGHT......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 6
INTRODUCTION......Page 22
EARLY HUMANS......Page 23
CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENT......Page 25
FOOD PRODUCTION......Page 26
INCIPIENT NEOLITHIC......Page 27
THE ADVENT OF BRONZE CASTING......Page 34
THE SHANG DYNASTY......Page 36
THE HISTORY OF THE ZHOU (1046–256 BC)......Page 42
THE ZHOU FEUDAL SYSTEM......Page 45
URBANIZATION AND ASSIMILATION......Page 48
THE RISE OF MONARCHY......Page 49
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT......Page 51
CULTURAL CHANGE......Page 54
THE QIN STATE......Page 55
STRUGGLE FOR POWER......Page 56
THE EMPIRE......Page 57
CHAPTER 3: THE HAN DYNASTY......Page 61
XI (WESTERN) HAN......Page 62
DONG (EASTERN) HAN......Page 68
THE STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENT......Page 70
THE ARMED FORCES......Page 73
THE PRACTICE OF GOVERNMENT......Page 74
RELATIONS WITH OTHER PEOPLES......Page 77
CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS......Page 79
THE DIVISION OF CHINA......Page 84
THE ERA OF BARBARIAN INVASIONS AND RULE......Page 86
CONFUCIANISM AND PHILOSOPHICAL DAOISM......Page 88
DAOISM......Page 91
BUDDHISM......Page 93
THE SUI DYNASTY......Page 96
WENDI’S INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS......Page 97
INTEGRATION OF THE SOUTH......Page 98
FOREIGN AFFAIRS UNDER YANGDI......Page 101
EARLY TANG (618–626)......Page 103
ADMINISTRATION OF THE STATE......Page 105
FISCAL AND LEGAL SYSTEM......Page 106
THE “ERA OF GOOD GOVERNMENT”......Page 108
RISE OF THE EMPRESS WUHOU......Page 111
PROSPERITY AND PROGRESS......Page 115
MILITARY REORGANIZATION......Page 116
LATE TANG (755–907)......Page 118
PROVINCIAL SEPARATISM......Page 119
THE STRUGGLE FOR CENTRAL AUTHORITY......Page 121
THE INFLUENCE OF BUDDHISM......Page 123
TRENDS IN THE ARTS......Page 126
DECLINE OF THE ARISTOCRACY......Page 127
POPULATION MOVEMENTS......Page 128
GROWTH OF THE ECONOMY......Page 129
THE FIVE DYNASTIES AND THE TEN KINGDOMS......Page 131
THE WUDAI (FIVE DYNASTIES)......Page 132
THE SHIGUO (TEN KINGDOMS)......Page 134
THE KHITAN......Page 136
THE JUCHEN......Page 137
UNIFICATION......Page 139
CONSOLIDATION......Page 141
REFORMS......Page 143
DECLINE AND FALL......Page 146
NAN (SOUTHERN) SONG (1127–1279)......Page 148
SURVIVAL AND CONSOLIDATION......Page 149
RELATIONS WITH THE JUCHEN......Page 151
THE COURT’S RELATIONS WITH THE BUREAUCRACY......Page 152
THE CHIEF COUNCILLORS......Page 154
THE BUREAUCRATIC STYLE......Page 156
THE CLERICAL STAFF......Page 159
THE RISE OF NEO-CONFUCIANISM......Page 160
INTERNAL SOLIDARITY DURING THE DECLINE OF THE NAN SONG......Page 163
SONG CULTURE......Page 164
INVASION OF THE JIN STATE......Page 169
INVASION OF THE SONG STATE......Page 171
MONGOL GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION......Page 173
RELIGIOUS AND INTELLECTUAL LIFE......Page 179
YUAN CHINA AND THE WEST......Page 187
THE END OF MONGOL RULE......Page 189
POLITICAL HISTORY......Page 191
THE DYNASTY’S FOUNDER......Page 192
THE DYNASTIC SUCCESSION......Page 193
GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION......Page 197
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT......Page 198
LATER INNOVATIONS......Page 199
FOREIGN RELATIONS......Page 202
POPULATION......Page 206
AGRICULTURE......Page 207
TAXATION......Page 208
CULTURE......Page 209
PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGION......Page 210
LITERATURE AND SCHOLARSHIP......Page 212
THE RISE OF THE MANCHU......Page 215
THE QING EMPIRE......Page 218
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS......Page 219
FOREIGN RELATIONS......Page 223
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT......Page 224
QING SOCIETY......Page 227
QING SOCIETY......Page 229
STATE AND SOCIETY......Page 230
TRENDS IN THE EARLY QING......Page 231
WESTERN CHALLENGE 1839-60......Page 232
THE FIRST OPIUM WAR AND ITS AFTERMATH......Page 233
THE ANTIFOREIGN MOVEMENT AND THE SECOND OPIUM WAR ( ARROW WAR)......Page 235
THE TAIPING REBELLION......Page 237
THE NIAN REBELLION......Page 239
MUSLIM REBELLIONS......Page 240
THE SELF-STRENGTHENING MOVEMENT......Page 241
FOREIGN RELATIONS IN THE 1860S......Page 242
INDUSTRIALIZATION FOR “SELF-STRENGTHENING”......Page 243
TIBET AND NEPAL......Page 245
VIETNAM......Page 246
JAPAN AND THE RYUKYU ISLANDS......Page 247
KOREA AND THE SINO-JAPANESE WAR......Page 248
REFORM AND UPHEAVAL......Page 249
THE HUNDRED DAYS OF REFORM OF 1898......Page 250
THE BOXER REBELLION......Page 252
REFORMIST AND REVOLUTIONIST MOVEMENTS AT THE END OF THE DYNASTY......Page 254
SUN YAT-SEN AND THE UNITED LEAGUE......Page 255
CONSTITUTIONAL MOVEMENTS AFTER 1905......Page 257
THE CHINESE REVOLUTION (1911–12)......Page 258
EARLY POWER STRUGGLES......Page 260
CHINA IN WORLD WAR I......Page 261
INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENTS......Page 265
BEGINNINGS OF A NATIONAL REVOLUTION......Page 266
REACTIONS TO WARLORDS AND FOREIGNERS......Page 270
STRUGGLES WITHIN THE TWO-PARTY COALITION......Page 274
THE NATIONALIST GOVERNMENT FROM 1928 TO 1937......Page 277
PHASE ONE......Page 282
PHASE TWO: STALEMATE AND STAGNATION......Page 284
RENEWED COMMUNIST-NATIONALIST CONFLICT......Page 286
U.S. AID TO CHINA......Page 287
CONFLICTS WITHIN THE INTERNATIONAL ALLIANCE......Page 288
PHASE THREE: APPROACHING CRISIS (1944–45)......Page 290
COMMUNIST GROWTH......Page 291
CIVIL WAR (1945–49)......Page 292
A RACE FOR TERRITORY......Page 293
THE TIDE BEGINS TO SHIFT......Page 297
COMMUNIST VICTORY......Page 299
CHAPTER 14: ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC......Page 301
RECONSTRUCTION AND CONSOLIDATION, 1949–52......Page 303
THE TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM, 1953–57......Page 306
RURAL COLLECTIVIZATION......Page 307
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS......Page 308
FOREIGN POLICY......Page 311
NEW DIRECTIONS IN NATIONAL POLICY, 1958–61......Page 312
READJUSTMENT AND REACTION, 1961–65......Page 317
ATTACKS ON CULTURAL FIGURES......Page 324
ATTACKS ON PARTY MEMBERS......Page 326
SEIZURE OF POWER......Page 328
THE END OF THE RADICAL PERIOD......Page 329
SOCIAL CHANGES......Page 331
STRUGGLE FOR THE PREMIERSHIP......Page 332
CHINA AFTER THE DEATH OF MAO......Page 335
DOMESTIC DEVELOPMENTS......Page 336
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS......Page 341
RELATIONS WITH TAIWAN......Page 342
CONCLUSION......Page 343
GLOSSARY......Page 347
FOR FURTHER READING......Page 349
INDEX......Page 350