The History and Dynamics of Global Plate Motions

Title Page
......Page 3
Copyright
......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 5
PREFACE......Page 7
Introduction: Plate Tectonics and Mantle Convection Three Decades Later......Page 9
The Relation Between Mantle Dynamics and Plate Tectonics: A Primer......Page 13
2. BASIC CONVECTION......Page 14
2.2. Vertical structure of simple convection......Page 15
2.3. Patterns of convection......Page 17
2.4- Influence of internal heating......Page 18
2.5. Influence of temperature-dependent viscosity......Page 20
2.7. Poloidal and toroidal flow......Page 24
3.1. Convective forces and plate driving forces......Page 26
3.2. Structure of ocean basins......Page 29
34- Relative fluxes of plumes and slabs are in agreement with the mantle's presumed heating mode......Page 30
3.6. Temperature-dependent viscosity, internal resistive boundaries, and the aspect ratio of convection cells......Page 31
4-2. Structure of ocean basins deviations from the y/age law......Page 32
4-3. Dynamic topography......Page 33
4-4- Changes in plate motion......Page 34
4.5. Plate-like strength distributions: weak boundaries and strong interiors......Page 35
4-7. Divergent margins: ridges, and narrow, passive upwellings......Page 38
4-8. Strike-slip margins: generation of toroidal motion......Page 39
REFERENCES......Page 49
INTRODUCTION......Page 55
Goals and Philosophy......Page 56
New 3-D Results......Page 57
Toroidal and Poloidal Flow......Page 61
Lithospheric Localization Mechanisms......Page 64
Ductile Localization Mechanisms......Page 65
Evolution Equations......Page 66
Strain Weakening to Strain-Rate Weakening......Page 68
2-D Results......Page 72
3-D Results......Page 74
Objections to Plate Generation......Page 75
Future Challenges......Page 76
REFERENCES......Page 77
On the Competing Roles of Fault Reactivation and Brittle Failure in Generating Plate Tectonics from Mantle Convection......Page 81
2. DEFORMATION FIELD OF A CONVERGING MARGIN......Page 82
4. FAULT LONGEVITY AND REACTIVATION......Page 86
5.1. Fault modeling methods......Page 88
5.2. Instantaneous Mantle Flow Models......Page 90
5.3. Transient mantle flow models......Page 93
6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 97
REFERENCES......Page 100
INTRODUCTION......Page 103
Review......Page 104
Canadian Heat Flow Data......Page 107
Physical Considerations......Page 110
Laboratory Experiments......Page 111
Numerical Simulations......Page 113
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 116
REFERENCES......Page 118
On the Determination of Self-Consistent Strain Rate Fields With in Zones of Distributed Continental Deformation......Page 121
2. PARAMETERIZING A CONTINUOUS VELOCITY FIELD......Page 122
2.1. Definition of Self-Consistent Velocity Field......Page 123
3. DEFORMATION IN THE WESTERN US INFERRED FROM QUATERNARY FAULT SLIP RATES, GPSAND VLBI VELOCITIES......Page 124
3.2. Source of Discrepancies......Page 126
5.5. Rotation Rates of Crustal Blocks in the Western US......Page 129
4. A JOINT INVERSION OF QUATERNARY STRAIN RATES AND GPS VELOCITIES IN CENTRAL AND EAST ASIA......Page 132
4.1. Quaternary Strain Rates......Page 133
4.3. The Velocity Field in Asia......Page 137
5. THE VELOCITY FIELD IN THE AEGEAN DEFINED BY EARTHQUAKES AND SLR DATA.......Page 139
6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 144
REFERENCES......Page 145
Diffuse Oceanic Plate Boundaries: Strain Rates, Vertically Averaged Rheology, and Comparisons with Narrow Plate Boundaries and Stable Plate Interiors......Page 150
Composite and Component Plates......Page 151
Stable Plate Interiors......Page 152
Narrow Plate Boundaries Oceanic Transform Faults......Page 154
Rheology of Deforming Lithosphere......Page 155
A Qualitative Rheologic Model for Oceanic Lithosphere......Page 156
Diffuse Oceanic Plate Boundaries......Page 157
Exponent and Aspect Ratios of Deforming Zones......Page 159
India-Capricorn Convergence Zone......Page 160
Comparison with Map-View Aspect Ratios of Other Diffuse Oceanic Plate Boundaries......Page 162
CONCLUSIONS......Page 163
REFERENCES......Page 164
Mesozoic/Cenozoic Tectonic Events Around Australia......Page 167
3. HISTORY OF OCEANIC CRUSTAL ACCRETION AROUND AUSTRALIA......Page 168
4. RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE PLATE MOTIONS......Page 175
5. ANOMALOUS SUBSIDENCE AND UPLIFT......Page 183
6.2. 61 MA......Page 184
63, 43 MA......Page 186
6.4. 25 MA TO PRESENT......Page 188
7. CONCLUSIONS......Page 191
REFERENCES......Page 192
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 195
2. VOLCANISM IN THE TASMAN SEA......Page 197
3. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VOLCANISM AND HOTSPOTS......Page 198
4. DEEP SEATED MANTLE PLUMES OR SUPERSWELL ?......Page 201
5. CAUSES OF ASYMMETRIC SEAFLOOR SPREADING IN THE TASMAN SEA AND CORAL SEA......Page 205
6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 213
REFERENCES......Page 214
Models of Mantle Convection Incorporating Plate Tectonics: The Australian Region since the Cretaceous......Page 217
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 218
3. PRESENT DAY STATE OF THE AUSTRALIAN REGION......Page 219
3.1. Australian-Antarctica Discordan......Page 221
3.2. Seismic Structure of the Mantle in the Australian Region......Page 223
5.1. Overview of formulation......Page 225
5.2. Numerical solution of mantle convection......Page 227
5.3. Application of the method to the Australian region......Page 229
6.1. Plate kinematics and topography......Page 230
6.2. Integration with sedimentation......Page 232
6.3. Present day geophysics and geochemistry......Page 233
6.4- Influence of mantle rheology and phase transitions......Page 235
6.5. Influence of initial conditions......Page 238
7. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 239
REFERENCES......Page 242
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 245
2. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW......Page 246
3. THEORY......Page 247
4. GLOBAL MAPS OF PHASE VELOCITY......Page 248
4.1. The Effect of the Crust......Page 249
4-2. Effects of Azimuthal Anisotropy......Page 250
6.1. Parameterization and Inversion of Model S20A......Page 254
6.3. Shallow Mantle Structure Beneath Continents and Oceans......Page 256
REFERENCES......Page 260
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 262
2. METHOD......Page 264
2.2. Aliasing of small-scale structure into long wavelength models......Page 265
3. CONVECTION MODEL GEMLAB 1......Page 266
3.1. Resolution analysis......Page 267
3.2. Comparison with tomography......Page 275
4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION......Page 277
REFERENCES......Page 280
INTRODUCTION......Page 282
Flexible parameterization......Page 283
A new model for mantle V-wavespeed......Page 284
RESULTS OF IMAGING PERTINENT TO THE ISSUE OF MANTLE CONVECTION......Page 285
SCALE OF MANTLE CONVECTION......Page 288
REFERENCES......Page 291
Mantle convection and plate motion history: Toward general circulation models......Page 294
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 295
2. MANTLE DYNAMICS AND PLATE TECTONICS......Page 296
3. CONVECTION MODELS CONSTRAINED BY PLATE MOTIONS......Page 302
4. EFFECTS OF PLATE MOTION CHANGES......Page 303
5. GENERAL CIRCULATION MODELS......Page 305
6. APPLICATION TO CORE-MANTLE BOUNDARY EVOLUTION......Page 306
7. CONCLUSIONS......Page 310
REFERENCES......Page 311
INTRODUCTION......Page 313
PLATE TECTONIC SETTINGS......Page 316
CRUSTAL STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION......Page 318
LIP FORMATION MODELS......Page 321
THE MANTLE WINDOW......Page 322
LIPS, THE PLATE TECTONIC CYCLE,AND CONTINENTAL GROWTH......Page 325
SUMMARY - AND A LOOK AHEAD......Page 326
REFERENCES......Page 327
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 331
2. FORMER STUDIES ON THE DETERMINATION OF THE PLATE MOTION WITH RESPECT TO HOTSPOTS......Page 332
3.1. The Polygonal Finite Rotation Method......Page 334
4.2. The Ages of the Hotspot Tracks......Page 337
5.1. Rigid Plates and Fixed Hotspots......Page 339
5.2. Comparisons of the Euler Poles for Plate Motion......Page 340
APPENDIX : GEOMETRICAL EXPLANATION OF THE NEW METHOD......Page 341
REFERENCES......Page 342
INTRODUCTION......Page 343
PACIFIC OCEAN HOTSPOTS......Page 345
INDO-ATLANTIC HOTSPOTS......Page 347
ICELAND......Page 350
COMPARISON OF HOTSPOT FRAMES......Page 353
THE 43 Ma EVENT......Page 355
REFERENCES......Page 359
INTRODUCTION......Page 362
GLOBAL PLATE CIRCUIT TESTS OF HOTSPOT FIXITY......Page 364
Revised Plate Circuits......Page 365
East-West Antarctic Motion......Page 366
Comparison to Motion of the Hawaiian Hotspot in the Spin Axis Reference Frame......Page 369
DISCUSSION......Page 370
Implications for Mantle Dynamics......Page 374
REFERENCES......Page 376
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 379
2. EXPERIMENTAL AND OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCE FOR MANTLE PLUMES......Page 380
3. DISTORTION OF A PLUME CONDUIT INSHEAR FLOW......Page 382
4. EXTINCTION OF PLUME CONDUITS......Page 385
5. HOTSPOT MOTION VERSUS FIXITY -EVIDENCE FROM HOTSPOT TRACKS, PLATE RECONSTRUCTIONS AND PALEOMAGNETISM......Page 386
6. A MODEL OF PLUMES IN LARGE-SCALEMANTLE  FLOW......Page 388
7. MOTION OF HOTSPOTS IN THE PACIFIC......Page 391
8. IMPLICATIONS OF HOTSPOT MOTIONFOR PLATE TECTONICS......Page 396
REFERENCES......Page 398