The Hippodrome of Gerasa: A Provincial Roman Circus

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents Page
List of Figures
Foreword
Foreword and acknowledgements
	On the format of the publication
		Acknowledgements
The Hippodrome of Gerasa. A Provincial Roman Circus
	Antoni A. Ostrasz (1929-1996)
MANUSCRIPT
	Introduction
	Chapter I
	History of exploration, excavation and research
		I.1 Exploration (Figures 1-7; 22-36; 38-42, 182, 231)
			I.2 The Excavation (Figures 8-15; 28; 32; 34;38; 129; 183; 196)
	Chapter II
	The Excavation 1985-1996 [Figures 1-55; 64-145; 146-250]
		THE ARENA
			N.B. The following concise text (ms pp 1-3) lists findings of previous excavations summarised in point or note form by A.O. The same text format pertains to each separate area of excavation (sub headings / chapter II) and was the intended form rendering t
				General features
				Racing-track [see Compendium: Ostrasz 1989, 1995a, 1991]
			The carceres
			CHAMBER E01
			The main entrance gate and chambers east cavea
			CHAMBER E1
			CHAMBER E2
			CHAMBER E3
			CHAMBER E12
			CHAMBERS E[21]22-E24
			CHAMBER E44
			CHAMBER E46
			CHAMBER E47
			CHAMBER E48
			CHAMBER E49
			CHAMBERS E49 – E51. Introductory note
			CHAMBER E50
			CHAMBER E51
			CHAMBER E54
			CHAMBER E55
			CHAMBER W1
			CHAMBER W4
			CHAMBERS W2 and W3: see Part B: Kehrberg and Ostrasz 1997; 2016b; Part A: Ostrasz and Kehrberg 1994; Part B: Kehrberg 2009. For reoccupancies in chambers W6-W8 see esp Part B: Kehrberg 1995, 2007, 2016a; Kehrberg and Ostrasz 1997 I.K.
			CHAMBER W5
			CHAMBER W6
			CHAMBER W8
			THE MAIN ENTRANCE GATE
			The main entrance gate (and chambers West cavea)
	Chapter III
	The Architecture of the Hippodrome [Figures 1-32; 69-84;123-145]
		The topography of the site
			The general plan (the design versus the actual construction/execution) (ms pp 9-11)
				The foundations (ms pp 11-14)
				The substructure of the cavea (ms pp 15-27)
				The auditorium (or cavea proper) (pp 27-32) [see esp. Compendium A: Ostrasz 1995a]
				The capacity of the cavea and organisation (pp 33-40)
				The podium and outer walls (pp 40-43)
				The main entrance gate (pp 44-50)
				The carceres (pp 51-64) (see Part A compendium: Ostrasz 1991 and 1995a)
				The arena (pp 65 – 79; p 77 only two lines, pp 78 &79 empty) (see Compendium Part A: Ostrasz 1989, 1991)
				The tectonics of the building (pp 80 – 86)
				The units of measure (pp 87-90, p 90 empty)
				The architectural decoration
				The building process and expenditure of work (pp 94 – 118; problematic, two manuscripts with duplicate pages from page 102 on: pp 94-110 and pp102-118, p 118 is empty, there are two ms p 113, different texts)
				Conclusion
				General interpretation
	Chapter VI
	History of the building [Figures 22; 27-28; 35; 37; 52; 144-145;  183-184; 196; 208-210; 218; 220]
	Chapter VII
	The Hippodrome of Gerasa and Roman circuses [Figures 1-7; 8-15; 16-20; 25-26; 116-121]
		Evidence /interpretation
			CONDITIONS DURING THE WHOLE LAP (evidence of 40 circuses)
				CONDITIONS AT THE MOMENT OF START (evidence of 35 circuses)
				CONDITIONS DURING THE WHOLE RACE (evidence of 35 circuses)
	Bibliography and Abbreviations
		List of Abbreviations
			Bibliography
Antoni A. Ostrasz (1929-1996)
	The Hippodrome of Gerasa: A report on excavations and research 1982-1987
		JAP II, SYRIA 66, fasc 1-4, 1989: 51-77 (Ostrasz 1989a) [Figures 1-7]
			The excavations
				The architecture
				History of the hippodrome
				Bibliography
	Published articles
	Jerash – The Hippodrome
		D. Homès-Fredericq and J.B. Hennessy (eds), Archaeology of Jordan II.1. Field Reports. Surveys & Sites A-K (Akkadica Suppl. 7) Leuven 1989: 329-337. (A.A. Ostrasz 1989b)
			2. HISTORY OF EXPLORATION AT HERASH  –  THE HIPPODROME (figs. 3-4)
				3. PERIODS REPRESENTED AT JERASH – THE HIPPODROME
				4. HISTORY OF JERASH – THE HIPPODROME
				The arena
				Period of construction
				Period of primary use, reoccupation and final destruction
				The carceres
				5. CHARTS OF SIGNIFICANT ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIAL
				6. ENVIRONMENT AS KNOWN FROM THE EXCAVTIONS
				7. PROSPECT FOR FUTURE EXCAVTION AT JERASH – THE HIPPODROME
	The Excavation and Restoration of the Hippodrome at Jerash. A synopsis
		ADAJ 35, 1991: 237—250. (Ostrasz 1991) [Figures 8–15]
			Excavation and Clearance
				Restoration
				Summary
				References
	Gerasa. Hippodrome Report
		AJA 97/3, 1993: 498-500 (Ostrasz  1993)
	Gerasa, Hippodrome Report
		AJA 98/3, 1994: 546-547. (Ostrasz and Kehrberg 1994)
	Jerash/Gerasa: Hippodrome. Report on the anastylosis of the E-S tower
		AJA 99/3, 1995: 524-528. (Ostrasz 1995a) [Figure 21]
	The Hippodrome of Gerasa: A case of the dichotomy of art and building technology
		SHAJ 5, 1995: 183-192. (Ostrasz 1995b) [Figures 16–20]
			References
	Unublished articles
		INTRODUCTION
			THE HIPPODROME AT JERASH: a synopsis on work of excavation, study and restoration in the period from 1985 to 1993 and programme of work in 1994
				The programme of restoration in 1994
				JERASH PROJECT. THE UMAYYAD HOUSE AND THE HIPPODROME
				PROGRESS REPORTS
			First Progress Report on the Restoration – Antoni Ostrasz
			Second Progress Report [handwritten on margin by A.O., no date given, I.K-O] (pp. 1-10)
				Part of the Hippodrome
				Working Project for the Restoration of the South-East
				Working plan for the restoration of the outer wall
				Working plan for the restoration of the podium wall
			Nov 1984 – Jan 1985 – third report
				Clearance
				Restoration and consolidation
				The restoration of the South-East Part of the Hippodrome
				Third Progress Report [ms pp 1-3]
			Jan 1985 – April 1985, fourth Report
				Fourth Progress Report [ms. pp 1-3]
				Restoration and consolidation
				The Restoration of the South-East Part of the Hippodrome
			April 1985 – June 1985, fifth Report
				Fifth Progress Report [ms pp 1-5]
				Restoration and consolidation
				The Restoration of the South-East Part of the Hippodrome
			July 1985 – September 1985, Sixth Report
				Sixth Report [ms. pp 1-5] [Figures 43-5]
				The Restoration of the South-East Part of the Hippodrome
				Restoration and consolidation [pp 1-4]
				Clearance [Excavations] (ms pp 4-5)
			October 1985 – December 1985, Seventh Report
				Restoration (ms pp 1-3)
				Seventh Report (ms pp 1-5) [Figures 46–55]
				The Restoration of the South-East Part of the Hippodrome
				Eighth Progress Report (ms. pp 1-4)
				The Restoration of the South-East Part of the Hippodrome
				Clearance [excavation] (ms. pp 3-4)
				Restoration (ms. pp 1-3)
			April 1986 – mid-July 1986, ninth progress report
				Ninth Progress Report (ms. pp 1-6)  [Figure 39]
				The Restoration of the South-East Part of the Hippodrome
				Clearance (ms. pp 5-6) [Excavation]
			Mid-July 1986 – mid-October 1986, tenth progress report
				Tenth Progress Report (ms. pp 1-8)
				The Restoration of the South Part of the Hippodrome*
			Mid-October 1986 – end of January 1987, eleventh progress report
				Eleventh Progress Report (ms. pp 1-3)
				The Restoration of the South Part of the Hippodrome
			Ca February 1987 – end of March 1989 – two years, twelfth progress report
				The Restoration of the South Part of the Hippodrome
				Twelfth Progress Report (ms. pp 1-7)
			January – November 1991, thirteenth progress report
				The Excavation and Restoration of the Hippodrome
				Thirteenth Progress Report (ms. pp 1-15)
				THE PROGRAMME OF WORK IN 1992(and beyond 1992) (ms. pp 7-15)
			December 1991 – July 1992, fourteenth progress report
				The Excavation and Restoration of the Hippodrome
			Fourteenth Progress Report (ms. pp 1-6)
			August 1992 – October 1993, fifteenth progress report – last report, missing page or pages after page 3
				Fifteenth Progress Report (ms. pp 1-3, incomplete)
				The Excavation and Restoration of the Hippodrome
				FEASIBILITY STUDIES FOR RESTORATION COMMISSIONED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTIQUITIES TO BE UNDERTAKEN BY ANTONI OSTRASZ DURING THE HIPPODROME PROJECT. [See also Fourteenth Report of Progress, supra]
				THE HADRIANIC ARCH AT JARASH – UNPUBLISHED REPORTS
			Second manuscript on the prospective restoration project of the Hadrianic Arch at Jarash, dated July 1992 [ms. pp 1-9] – one year after the above first report of September 1991, preparing the feasibility study, I.K-O [Submitted to the Dir-Gen of the Depar
				THE HADRIANIC ARCH. A STUDY OF THE FEASIBLITY OF RESTORATION OF THE NORTH FAÇADE
				HIPPODROME COINS REGISTER EXCAVATIONS 1984 – 1993 (-1996) BY A.A. OSTRASZ
				THE HIPPODROME AT JARASH [manuscript]
	Figures 1-145. The original manuscript and Compendium A
Compendium A
Published articles and unpublished reports by Antoni A. Ostrasz 1983 to 1995
Figure  1:  Figure 1. Jerash Hippodrome. Chronology of Excavation (A.O. 1987)
	Figure 2:  Figure 2. Gerasa Hippodrome. South Part. Ground Plan (A.O.1987)
		Figure 3:  Figure 3. Gerasa Hippodrome. Ground Plan (A.A.O.1987)
		Figure 4:  Figure 4. Carceres. East half. Lowest stratum of tumble (A.O. 1987)
		Figure 5:  Figure 5. Carceres. North facade. East half and pavilion. Graphic anastylosis (A.O. 1987)
		Figure 6:  Figure 6. Carceres. North facade.  Reconstruction (A.A.O. 1987)
		Figure 7:  Figure 7. Details of architecture: a) facade W1; b) section E45; c) podium wall W16, W2-W4 (A.O.1982,1985)
		Figure 8:  Figure 1. Hippodrome. Plan of north part (A.O.1991)
		Figure 9:  Figure 2. Barrier. Plan and section (A.O.1991)
		Figure 10:  Figure 3. Podium wall, doorway of vomitorium type A and seating tiers (A.O.1991)
		Figure 11:  Figure 4. Carceres stall 4E. Working project for restoration (A.O.1986)
		Figure 12:  Pl.I. Euripus. 1. Barrier – Wall of basin 2; 2. Barrier – Niche of basin 3
		Figure 13:  Pl.II. East cavea and carceres. 1.  Podium wall and carceres in 1984; 2. Podium wall, part of cavea and carceres in 1990
		Figure 14:  Pl.III. East Cavea. 1. South-east section of the outer wall in 1984; 2. South-east section of the outer wall in 1990
		Figure 15:  Pl.IV. 1. East half of carceres in 1990; 2. General view of hippodrome from the east in1984; 3. General view of hippodrome from the north in 1990
		Figure  16:  Figure 1. Schematic plan of the Gerasa hippodrome and environs (A.O. 1992)
		Figure 17:  Figure 2. Socle of pod ium wall: 1. Socle corresponding to barrier (a-a) and straight stretch north of barrier (b-b, c-c); 2. Socle corresponding to barrier (a-a); 3. Socle corresponding to starting distance; 4. Socle of semi-circular part of
		Figure 18:  Figure 3. Modular composition of north facade of carceres (A.O.1992)
		Figure 19:  Figure 4. Schematic cross-section of hippodrome (A.O.1992)
		Figure 20:  Figure 5. Perspective view of part of carceres (A.O.1992)
		Figure 21, in: AJA 99/3, 1995: pp 525-528, Figs 16-17
		Figure 21:  Fig 16. Jerash. Hippodrome, southeast tower, reconstruction (A.O.1994); Figure 17. Hippodrome, southeast tower ground plan and section (A.O.1994)
		Figure 22:  P.1. Ground Plan 1: 1st half of 2nd and 3rd cent., 1st phase: construction and primary use of circus – chariot racing (A.O.1995)
		Figure 23:  P.2. Transverse Walls of cavea chambers. Project for restoration (A.O.1985)
		Figure 24:  P.3. Worksheet: preparation for the restoration of the carceres: East stall 3 (3E) (A.O.1988)
		Figure 25:  P.4. Geographical orientation of known hippodromes on the ground with light and shade aspect during chariot racing (A.O.)
		Figure 26:  P.6. Catalogue: locations of Roman circuses (for calculation shown in Figure  25: P.4) (A.O.)
		Figure 27:  P.7. Ground Plan 2: Late 3rd-early 7th cent., 2nd phase: occupation and industrial secondary use of building. Excavations 1984-1995 (A.O.1995)
		Figure 28:  P.8. Sections and ground plan of 3 main strata: Sections: stratum 1 – tumble of upper structures; stratum 2 – Late Roman and Byzantine occupancies. Top plan and section: stratum 3 – necropolis phase and foundation of circus (A.O.)
		Figure 29:  P.9. Histograph of exploration of the hippodrome and surrounding area (after A.O. cf. Figure 1)
		Figure 30:  P.10. The SE hippodrome: arena, podium, cavea, tower and carceres, 1987-1995: anastyloses for restoration and isometric drawings (A.O.)
		Figure 31:  P.3. Restoration of the SE tower, east carceres, podium and scalaria from 1995-1996 (A.O.)
		Figure 32:  P.5. Aerial views of the hippodrome 1917 (Dalman 1925: Figure 93) and 1999 (D.Kennedy & R.Bewley, APAAME 1999)
		Figure 33:  P.7. Late Roman tannery and pottery workshops installations in west cavea chambers of the hippodrome (photos Nov. 1996)
		Figure 34:  P.10. The hippodrome excavations and restorations in progress from 1988 to 1994 (A.O.)
		Figure 35:  P.12. Architectural and occupational history of west cavea chambers W2 and W3: from 2nd cent. Roman foundations to the mass graves of mid-7th cent plague victims (A.O.)
		Figure 36:  P.5. Six examples of original catalogue entries of coins from main contexts at the hippodrome in strata 1-3 (A.O., J.B. and C.A.)
		Figure 37:  15th report: Photo and transcript of inscription HCh92.E15, cavea chamber E15, excavation 1992, (A.O.)
		(A.O. 1987-89)
		Figure 38:  12th report: historical mapping of areas of excavations of the hippodrome (cf. Figs 1 and 29)
		Figure 39:  11th (and 12th) report: ground plan of extant standing and excavated remains (A.O.1987)
		Figure 40:  12th report: hippodrome site presentation: field work and management plan 1987-89 (A.O.)
		Figure 41:  9th report: state of hippodrome site by 1986: north half (A.O.1987)
		Figure 42:  12th report: clearance and display programme -2, 1987-89 (see Figure 40) (A.O.)
		Figure 43:  6th report: Elevation and section drawings: a) facade W1; b) section E45; c) podium wall W16, W2-W4 (A.O.1982, 1985) (cf. Figure 7)
		Figure 44:  6th report: Restoration project south-east half of cavea (A.O.1986)
		Figure 45:  6th [or 5th?] report: SE part of cavea: the deacon’s ‘house’ and the Church of Bishop Marianos: plans, sections and drawings of the mosaics by A.O. 1983, in Gawlikowski 1986 (see gen. bibliography)
		Figure 46:  7th report: Hippodrome, East carceres piers: project for restoration of piers 3 / 4 and 4/5 East: courses 1 and 2 (A.O.1986)
		Figure 47:  7th report: Hippodrome, East carceres, stalls 3 – 5, course 2 and 3: project for restoration: remains in situ of piers 3 / 4 and 4/5 (A.O.1986)
		Figure 48:  7th report: Hippodrome, East carceres, stalls 3 – 5, piers 3 / 4 and 4/5 East: project for restoration, façade (A.O.1986)
		Figure 49:  7th report: Hippodrome, East half of carceres: lowest stratum of tumble, with altars (A.O.1985) (see Figure 4)
		Figure 50:  7th report: Hippodrome, East half of carceres: North façade of stalls 1-5 and central pavilion (A.O.1986)
		Figure 51:  7th report: Hippodrome, East half of carceres: North façade of stalls 1-5 and central pavilion: graphic anastylosis (A.O.1987) (see Figure 5)
		Figure 52:  7th report: Hippodrome, west carceres: stalls 1-2 and lime kiln in arena in front of stalls and west cavea chambers W51 and W52 (A.O.1985)
		Figure 53:  7th report: Hippodrome, East and west half of carceres with central pavilion and E and W towers: anastylosis of North façade (A.O.1986) (see Figure 6)
		Figure 54a:  7th report: Hippodrome, East part of carceres: tumbled stones on arena: lowest layer of tumble (A.O.1985)
		Figs 56, 57: Hadrianic Arch. Report of feasibility study for restoration 1991 (A.O.): Detweiler 1938: plans II and III of H Arch
		Figure 55:  7th report: Hippodrome, East part of carceres: tumbled stones on arena: middle layer of tumble (A.O.1985)
		Figure 58:  Hadrianic Arch. Report of feasibility study for restoration 1991 (A.O.): N façade of arch – aspects of feasibility study (A.O.)
		Figure 59:  Hadrianic Arch. Report of feasibility study for restoration 1991 (A.O.): N façade of arch – aspects of feasibility study: restored features and corrections (A.O.)
		Figure 61:  Hadrianic Arch. Report of feasibility study for restoration 1991 (A.O.): N façade of arch –aspects of feasibility study: work plan for corrections (Detweiler 1938 restoration) – 2 (A.O.)
		Figures 62-63:  Hadrianic Arch. Report of feasibility study for restoration 1991 (A.O.): S façade of arch –aspects of feasibility study: work plan for corrections (Detweiler 1938 restoration) – 1 (A.O.)
		Figures 64-65:  West cavea chamber W2. HCh93.W2.2: excavation of mass burial (A.O.1993)
		Figures 66:  West cavea chamber W3. HCh93.W3.2: excavation of mass burial (A.O.1993)
		Figure 67:  West cavea chamber W2. HCh93.W3.2: excavation of mass burial (A.O.1993)
		Figure 68: West cavea chambers W2 and W3: excavation of strata below mass burials: remains of pottery workshops (A.O.1993-1995)
		Figures 79:  Restoration in progress, 1988: East carceres, with view of Hadrian’s Arch, photo from W-S (A.O.1988)
		Figure 70:  Restoration in progress, 1995: South-east tower and south facade of East carceres, with Antoni(photo R. Khouri 1995)
		Figure 71:  Restoration in progress, 1995: South-east tower and south facade of East carceres, with Antoni (photo R. Khouri 1995)
		Figure 72:  Restoration in progress: Aerial view of SE tower and E carceres, 1994, A.O. (DoA, J.T.)
		Figure 73:  Restoration in progress, 1996: SE Aerial views of tower, arena, podium, cavea  and scalaria, and E carceres, last restoration by A.O. in Oct 1996 (photos from crane, A-M.G and I.K-O.  Nov.1996)
		Figure 74:  Before and after restoration in 1996: Aerial view of 1983 (DoA 1983); plans, anastylosis on paper and final restoration of SE part of hippodrome: tower, arena, podium, cavea and scalaria, and East carceres, plans and restoration by A.O. (A.O.
		Figure 75: Restoration in progress: Excavations and restorations from 1989-1994: overview of the site
		Figure 76: Restoration in progress: SE cavea chambers, partial restoration 1989: from SE (A.O.1989)
		Figure 77: Restoration in progress: Aerial view: SE tower , E carceres, arena and cavea chambers 1994: from S (A.O.1994)
		Figure 78: Restoration in progress: Aerial view: E cavea chambers: details of E46-E40 after excavation and during restoration 1994: from SE (A.O.1994)
		Figure 79: Restoration in progress: Antoni in front of east facade of SE cavea chambers, partial restoration: (R.Khouri 1995)
		Figure 80: Restoration in progress: collage of SE part of hippodrome site before and after partial restoration from 1930s to 1995: history of exploration and restoration
		Figure 81: Restoration in progress: collage of East carceres and SE facade of East cava (A.O.1988)
		Figure 82: Hippodrome looking NE: E podium wall, arena level and cavea: chambers E42-E44 vomitorium: extant remains in situ (A.O. 1985)
		Figure 83: Hippodrome aerial view of NE arena and cavea: partially cleared chambers E20-E24 (pre-1984); Ottoman Wall and modern water channel across arena, before excavation (DoA)
		Figure 84: Hippodrome remains of the barrier – euripus (original underground water chambers): view from crane of A.O. excavation and conservation 1995-1996 (A-C.G and I.K-O, Nov 1996)
		Figure 85: Hippodrome aerial view of N half of arena and cavea: marking covered water channel crossing restored arena underground, arena conservation and community project A.O. (DoA 1995)
		Figure 86: Hippodrome looking NE: E podium wall and cavea: SE chambers after excavation of tumble, extant remains in situ (A.O. 1989?)
		Figure 87: E cavea chamber E45: excavation of foundation wall of chamber and trench with hypogean tomb (A.O. 1985-86?)
		Figure 88: E cavea chamber E45: excavation of hypogean tomb in chamber E45 foundation trench (A.O. 1985-86?)
		Figure 89: Ancient lime kiln complex north of Main North Gate, opposite NE cavea chambers E1-E3 (A.O.)
		Figure 90: WN cavea – periphery and arena podium side of W-N chambers after excavation 1995-96, A.O. (A-C.G. and I.K-O, Nov. 1996)
		Figure 91: W cavea – installations in W chambers W7 and W6, after excavations 1995-96, A.O.
		Figure 92: W cavea – periphery of chambers W4-W6 during excavation 1996, A.O
		Figure 93: W cavea – aerial view from crane of W 7-W3 chambers after excavation 1995-1996, A.O. (A-C.G. and I.K-O Nov 1996)
		Figure 94: W cavea – aerial view from crane of W 9-W5 chambers after excavation 1993-1996, A.O. (A-C.G. and I.K-O Nov 1996)
		Figure 95: W cavea – chamber W8b during excavation, layer above tomb 1996, A.O.
		Figure 96: W cavea – chamber W8b during excavation of tomb with skeletal remains 1996, A.O.
		Figure 97: W cavea – chamber W8b during excavation of tomb with skeletal remains 1996, A.O.
		Figure 98: W cavea – chamber W8b during excavation of tomb with skeletal remains 1996, A.O.
		Figure 100: W cavea – chamber W11 excavations 1995-96, A.O. (A-C.G. and I.K-O Nov 1996)
		Figure 101: W cavea – chamber W11 excavations 1995-96, A.O. (A-C.G. and I.K-O Nov 1996)
		Figure 99: W cavea – chamber W10 excavations 1995-96, A.O. (A-C.G. and I.K-O Nov 1996)
		Figure 102: W cavea – chamber W11 excavations 1995-96, A.O. (A-C.G. andI.K-O Nov 1996)
		Figure 103: W cavea – chambers W13-W18 excavations 1995-96, A.O. (A-C.G. and I.K-O Nov 1996)
		Figure 104: W cavea – chamber W14 excavations 1995-96, A.O. (A-C.G. and I.K-O Nov 1996)
		Figure 105: W cavea – chamber W16 excavations 1995-96, A.O. (A-C.G. andI.K-O Nov 1996)
		Figure 106: W cavea – chamber W17 excavations 1995-96, A.O. (A-C.G. and I.K-O Nov 1996)
		Figure 107: W cavea – chamber W17 excavations 1995-96, A.O. (A-C.G. and I.K-O Nov 1996)
		Figure 108: W cavea – chamber W18 excavations 1995-96, A.O. (A-C.G. and I.K-O Nov 1996)
		Figure 109: W cavea – chamber W18 excavations 1995-96, A.O. (A-C.G. and I.K-O Nov 1996)
		Figure 110: W cavea – chamber W19 excavations 1995-96, A.O. (A-C.G. and I.K-O Nov 1996)
		Figure 111: W cavea – chamber W19 last excavations in progress 1996, A.O.
		Figure 112: W cavea – chamber W20, W21 last excavations in progress 1996, A.O. (A-C.G. and I.K-O Nov 1996)
		Figure 113: W cavea – chamber W21 last excavations in progress 1996, A.O. (A-C.G. and I.K-O Nov 1996)
		Figure 114: W cavea – chamber W22 plotted before excavations 1996, A.O. (A-C.G. and I.K-O Nov 1996)
		Figure 115: W cavea – chamber W23 recorded for excavation 1996, A.O. (A-C.G.and I.K-O Nov 1996)
		Figure 116: Hippodrome aerial view facing north 1995, extent excavations, A.O. (DoA, J. Taylor)
		Figure 117: Hippodrome aerial view facing south 1995, extent excavations, A.O. (DoA, J. Taylor)
		Figure 118: Aerial views of hippodrome before and after excavation and restoration: 1917 (Dalman 1925), ca 1930 (Kraeling 1938), 1999 (Kennedy and Bewley, APAAME_1999) and 2007 (I.K-O)
		Figure 119: Hippodrome aerial view facing north 1998, extent excavations and restorations by A.O. 1984-1996 (Kennedy and Bewley, APAAME_1998)
		Figure 120: Hippodrome and its setting: overlooking Gerasa’s ruins from N to S, 2009 (I.K-O)
		Figure 121: View of hippodrome from N to S, overlooking the oval piazza: restorations in progress, 1994 (A.O.)
		Figure 122: Hippodrome kiln complex in front of E cavea, N of Church Bishop Marianos, 1993 by A.O.
		Figure 123: Hippodrome, E carceres: tumbled inner or N facade with altars, after excavation and before restoration, June 1985, A.O. (cf. Figs 4,49, 54, 55)
		Figure 124: Hippodrome, W carceres: N facade: hypothetical reconstruction on paper, 1986, A.O.
		Figure 125: Hippodrome SE tower and cavea E53 and E52 – scalaria, work plan: cross section and plan for restoration, Feb 1995 by A.O. (cf. Figs 30, 74, 75)
		Figure 126: Hippodrome, E cavea: E of chamber E20 and E21: field sketches plotting burials, 1990s A.O.
		Figure 127: Hippodrome, NE cavea: E1, working plan for reconstruction of transverse walls and scalaria, 1990?A.O.
		Figure 128: Hippodrome, E cavea: chambers E1-E4 outer facade: sketch plan for reconstruction of outer facade and doorways, early 1990s A.O.
		Figure 129: Hippodrome, E cavea: chamber E3 elevation and top plan, field sketches, early 1990s A.O.
		Figure 130: Hippodrome, E cavea: chamber E20, cross section (not to scale), field sketch of chamber after excavation, late 1980s-early 1990s A.O.
		Figure 131: Hippodrome, E cavea: chamber E20, cross section (not to scale), field sketch of chamber after excavation: W face of outer wall, inside chamber with intrusive doorway, late 1980s-early 1990s A.O.
		Figure 132: Hippodrome, E cavea: chambers E22-E24, top plan and cross section (not to scale), field sketches after excavation, late 1980s-early 1990s A.O.
		Figure 133: Hippodrome, E cavea: chambers E22-E24, top plan and cross section (not to scale), field sketches after excavation, late 1980s-early 1990s A.O.
		Figure 134: Hippodrome, E cavea: chamber E34, top plan, in field sketch plotting finds after excavation, probably 1987, A.O.
		Figure 135: Hippodrome, E cavea: chamber E47, in field sketch plan of kiln, doorway and fireplace: plotting finds after excavation, probably late 1980s, A.O.
		Figure 136: Hippodrome, E cavea: chamber E47, sketch plans and section of doorway, probably late 1980s, A.O.
		Figure 137: Hippodrome, E cavea: chamber E48, sketch plans and section of doorway, probably late 1980s, A.O.
		Figure 138: Hippodrome kiln complex in front of E cavea, kilns 1-3 in front of chambers E38-E36, preliminary surface cleaning and sketch plan, 1988-89 by A.O.
		Figure 139: Hippodrome, W cavea: chambers W4-W5: field sketches plotting features of facades of doorway W4and transverse walls, after excavations 1993-95 by A.O.
		Figure 140: Hippodrome, W cavea: chambers W4-W6: field sketches plotting features of facades of doorway W5 and transverse walls, after excavations 1993-95 by A.O.
		Figure 141: Hippodrome, W cavea: chambers W5-W8: field sketches plotting top plan of tumble in front of chambers W6-W7, outer periphery, after excavations 1993-96 by A.O.
		Figure 142: Hippodrome, W cavea: chambers W4-W6: field sketches plotting top plan of tumble in front of chambers: within doorways and outer periphery with external later features, after excavations 1993-96 by A.O.
		Figure 143: Hippodrome, W cavea: chamber W1: field drawings of doorways, inner and outer face; transverse wall with features and podium wall, after excavations 1993-96 by A.O.
		Figure 144: Hippodrome, W cavea: chamber W2: field drawings of intrusive doorway, transverse wall cross section of chamber with installations and floor levels, after excavations 1994 by A.O.
		Figure 145: Hippodrome ground plan 1989 marking excavated remains of pottery kilns inside E and N cavea chambers and opposite the E cavea, 1992-1993 by A.O.
		Discarded pottery (a, b); Jerash Bowl sherd with Greek cursive writing (c)
		Figure 146: Figure 1. Roman and Late Byzantine to Early Islamic pottery from the hippodrome
		Figure 147: Figure 2. Gerasa Hippodrome 1982: ‘Gerasa Lamps’: foundation trench, W cavea chamber W24
		Figure 148: Figure 3. Gerasa Lamps from foundations and upper tumble of E cavea chambers
		Figure 149: Figure 4. Late Byzantine and Early Islamic/Umayyad pottery; lamp and lamp mould from E cavea chambers
		Figure 150: Figure 5. ‘Jerash Lamps’ from the hippodrome excavations
		Figure 151: Figs 1 and 2. Pottery sherd tools: scrapers (photos)
		Figure 152: Figs 3 and 4. Pottery sherd tools: leaf-shaped scraper and blade-scraper (photos)
		Figure 153: Figure 5. Pottery sherd tool: large chisel-scraper (photos)
		Figure 154: Figure 6. Pottery sherd tool: blade-file (photos)
		Figure 155: Figs 7 and 8. Pottery sherd tools: small scraper and bi-pointed awl (photos)
		Figure 156: Figure 9. Glass sherd tool: blade - knife (photos)
		Figure 157: Figure 10. Pottery and glass sherd tools: drawings of tools -1-
		Figure 158: Figure 11. Pottery sherd tools: drawings of tools -2-
		Figure 159: Figure 18. Pottery and glass sherd tools from northern part of hippodrome: Late Roman and Byzantine pottery workshops and tanneries in cavea chambers
		Figure 160: Figure 2. Early Byzantine lamp handles from the waste dump in E cavea chamber E8, HCh92.E8.2
		Figure 161: Figure 3. Gypsum moulds with Early Byzantine lamps, and Late Roman lamp copies, from the waste dumps in E cavea chambers E8 and E11
		Figure 162: Figure 4. Gypsum and pottery moulds of Early Byzantine lamps from the waste dumps in E cavea chambers E8 and E11
		Figure 163: Figure 5. Examples of Early Byzantine lamps from the waste dumps in E cavea chambers E8 and E11
		Figure 164: Figure 1. Examples of Late Hellenistic and Early Roman local Gerasene pottery from pre-hippodrome, pre-Upper Zeus Temple Complex and pre-city wall contexts
		Figure 165: Figure 2. Late Hellenistic local Gerasene lagynoi fragments and other funerary vessels from hypogean tombs at the pre-hippodrome, pre-Upper Zeus Temple and pre-city wall sites
		Figure 166: Figure 1. Ground plan of the second phase of use: 3rd to early 5th century industrial occupancies at the hippodrome, 1995 (A.O.)
		Figure 167: Figure 2. Roman and Late Roman Pottery: local table ware, cups, bowls and dishes, from the Upper Zeus Temple complex (JTZ98.N-Tem)
		Figure 168: Figure 3. Roman and Late Roman Pottery: local table ware, bowls and dishes, from Hippodrome workshops, E cavea chamber E2 (HCh90.E2.2)
		Figure 169: Figure 4. Roman and Late Roman Pottery: local table ware, cups and dishes, from the Upper Zeus Temple complex (JTZ98.N-Tem)
		Figure 170: Figure 5. Roman and Late Roman Pottery: local table ware, bowls, platters and jars, from Hippodrome workshops, E cavea chamber E2 (HCh90.E2.2)
		Figure 171: Figure 6. Roman and Late Roman Pottery: local table ware, cups and dishes, from the Upper Zeus Temple complex (JTZ98.N-Tem)
		Figure 172: Figure 7. Roman and Late Roman Pottery: local table ware, cups, lamps and glass vessels, from Hippodrome workshops, E cavea chamber E2 (HCh90.E2.2)
		Figure 173: Figure 8. Roman and Late Roman Pottery: lamps, from the Upper Zeus Temple complex (JTZ98.N-Tem)
		Figure 174: Figure 9. Roman and Late Roman Pottery: local table ware, bottles, juglets (lamp fillers) and jugs, from Hippodrome workshops, E cavea chamber E2 (HCh90.E2.2)
		Figure 175: Figure 10. Roman and Late Roman Pottery: local table ware, juglets, jugs and platters, from Hippodrome workshops, E cavea chamber E2 (HCh90.E2.2)
		Figure 176: Figure 1. Reconstruction drawing of E carceres starting gates with shafts and opening mechanism, Gerasa hippodrome, 1995 by A.O. (see Figure 20, A.O. 1995)
		Figure 177: Figs 2 and 3. Example of herm shaft and sculptural relief representing starting gates and opening mechanism at Circus Maximus
		Figure 178: Figs 4 and 5. Sculptural reliefs: examples of herm shafts and starting gates from Roman circuses
		Figure 179: Figure 6. Sculptured head of double herm on fence post shaft
		Figure 180: Figs 7 and 8. Sculptural relief of balustrade with herm posts and mosaic of starting gates from a Roman circus
		Figure 181: Figure 9. Wall painting in hypogean tomb of garden fence with a herm post
		Figure 182: Figure 1. Aerial views of the hippodrome after excavations 1982-1996: cavea, carceres and arena
		Figure 183: Figure 2. Hippodrome Ground plan of Late Roman and Byzantine workshops; photos showing remains and cross sections of chambers W2 and W6: workshop installations and stratified finds in the chambers, 1994 by A.O.
		Figure 184: Figure 3. Schematic chronological chart of the Hippodrome complex showing phases of primary use and secondary occupancies
		Figure 185: Figure 4. Pottery waste from Byzantine workshops in the E and W cavea
		Figure 186: Figure 5. Pottery waste from Byzantine workshops in the E and W cavea: chamber W2 unfired Jerash Bowls and Jerash Lamps fragments
		Figure 187: Figure 6. Pottery waste from Byzantine workshops in the E and W cavea: Painted Jerash Bowl fragments
		Figure 188: Figure 7. Late Byzantine Jerash Lamps and moulds from workshops in the E and W cavea
		Figure 189: Figure 8. Pottery waste from Byzantine workshops in the E and W cavea: common table ware of bowls, juglets and jugs
		Figure 190: Figure 9. Pottery waste from Byzantine workshops in the E and W cavea: common kitchen ware and serving dishes: casseroles, frying pans and platters
		Figure 191: Figure 10. Pottery waste from Byzantine workshops in the E and W cavea: common kitchen ware and coarse ware: cooking pots, storage jar; tiles, water pipes
		Figure 192: Figure 1. Lamps from Gerasa workshops of the Late Hellenistic to Roman period: mostly from Hippodrome foundations and tumble; and from the Upper Zeus Temple Complex 1998 excavations (J-P.B.)
		Figure 193: Figure 2.Lamps from Gerasa of the Late Roman period: mostly from Hippodrome pottery workshops; and from the Upper Zeus Temple Complex 1997-98 excavations (J-P.B.)
		Figure 194: Figure 3. Mould-made Early Byzantine lamps or ‘Late Gerasa Lamps’ from Hippodrome pottery workshops and waste dumps
		Figure 195: Figure 4. Mould-made Late Byzantine lamps or ‘Jerash Lamps’ and moulds from Hippodrome pottery workshops and waste dumps
		Figure 196: Figure 1. Hippodrome ground plan: phase 2 occupancies (1995, A.O.), aerial views and aspects of workshop installations in cavea chambers
		Figure 197: Figure 2. Examples of pottery and glass sherd tools from the hippodrome workshop dumps and vessel types which provided selected sherds for tools.
		Figure 198: Figure 3. Sherd tools from the hippodrome workshops and dumps: Late Byzantine glass blade and a variety of pottery scrapers and blades (see also Figs 151-158)
		Figure 199: Figure 4. Sherd tools from the hippodrome workshops and dumps: Microlithic glass sherd tools and pottery sherd scrapers, awls and burnishing tools from pottery workshops and tanneries (see also Figure 159)
		Figure 200: Figure 5. Examples showing the process of pottery sherd tool making and use-wear, from the hippodrome workshop dumps
		Figure 201: Figure 6. Coarse ware pottery and glass sherd borers and scrapers, from the hippodrome workshop dumps
		Figure 202: Figure 7. Common ware, imported fine ware and coarse ware sherd tools: scrapers, borers and awls, from the hippodrome workshop dumps
		Figure 203: Figure 8. Late Roman, Byzantine and/or Umayyad glass sherds microlithic tools from various transects of the 2010 Jarash Hinterland survey (Baker and Kennedy 2010)
		Figure 204: Figure 9. Hellenistic to Islamic pottery sherds tools from various transects of the 2010 Jarash Hinterland survey (Baker and Kennedy 2010)
		Figure 205: Figure 10. Hellenistic to Islamic pottery sherds tools from transects of the 2010 BADIA Desert Survey (Muller-Neuhoff 2010)
		Figure 206: Figure 1. Hippodrome site before the circus construction: plotted ground plan, construction top plan and section showing hypogean tombs, by A.O. 1995
		Figure 207: Figure 2. Histograph illustrating the exploration of the Hippodrome site from the 1930s to 1996, after the chronological plan by A.O. 1987 (see Figure 1, A.O. 1989)
		Figure 208: Figure 3. Ground plans of 1: First phase of Hippodrome site and 2: second phase occupancies, A.O. 1995
		Figure 209: Figure 4. Ground plan of E cavea with sketches of locations of post-chariot racing burials at Hippodrome, by A.O.
		Figure 210: Figure 5. Top plans of kiln remains and intramural burials in chamber E29, field sketches by A.O. 1988
		Figure 211: Figure 6. Field sketches plotting pre-burial and burials loci in chamber E29, by A.O. 1987-88
		Figure 212: Figure 7. Pottery and lamp fragment, and small bronze bell from various deposits in loci above and with burials chamber E29
		Figure 213: Figure 8. Field sketches plotting post-burial and burials loci excavated in W cavea chamber W8, by A.O. 1996
		Figure 214: Figure 9. Photos of post-burial and burials loci in chamber W8, during excavation, by A.O. 1996
		Figure 215: Figure 10. Glass finds from the hippodrome: glass vessels with burials and contexts associated with the graves (secondary phase of hippodrome occupancies)
		Figure 216: Figure 11. Pottery workshop waste from post- and burials stratified contexts in chamber W8 -1-
		Figure 217: Figure 12. Pottery workshop waste from post- and burials stratified contexts in chamber W8 -2-
		Figure 218: Figure 13. Pottery from single burials in the W and E cavea: grave 2 in chamber W1 and cremation remains in jar from chamber E46.
		Figure 219: Figure 14. W cavea chambers W2 and W3: excavations of mass burials of mid-7th century Ad plague victims 1992-1994(photos A.O. and M.Brizzi 1992, 1993)
		Figure 220: Figure 15. W cavea chamber: section of chamber W2 and field sketch of tumble after excavation of mass burials, by A.O. 1994, and jewellery found with skeletal remains (see Figure 222), by I.K-O 1994
		Figure 221: Figure 16. W cavea chambers W2 and W3: post- excavation photos, A.O. 1995, and in situ sketches plotting remains in various loci inside the chambers, by A.O. 1992-93
		Figure 222: Figure 17. W cavea chamber W2: bronze and iron rings and bracelets: jewellery found with skeletal remains, with metal slag from W3 (see Figure 220), 1993
		Figure 223: Figure 18. W cavea chambers W2 and W3: glass beads found with skeletal remains, 1993 (in situ clusters restrung by M.K-O)
		Figure 224: Figure 19. W cavea chamber W2: pottery deposits from strata underneath the skeletal remains: three successive phases: foundation level, Late Rom-Early Byz occupancy by tanners and later Byzantine pottery waste dump (I.K-O 1993)
		Figure 225: Figure 20. W cavea chamber W2: pottery of Late Byzantine waste dump below the skeletal remains, with unfired fragments (I.K-O 1993)
		Figure 226: Figure 21. W cavea chamber W3: Jerash Lamp fragments, moulds and tiles of Late Byzantine waste dump below tumble of the scalaria and mixed with earlier fragments from tumble and upper layer of skeletal remains (I.K-O 1993)
		Figure 227: Figure 22. W cavea chamber W2: Unfired Late Byzantine pottery, Jerash Bowls and Jerash Lamps, from waste dump below the skeletal remains (I.K-O 1993)
		Figure 228: Figure 23. W cavea chambers W2 and W3: Jerash Lamps and pottery from Byzantine pottery waste dumps below the skeletal remains in both chambers, and some fragments mixed with skeletal remains deposited on top of the dump (I.K-O 1993)
		Figure 229: Figure 24.Coin finds from the W and E cavea: contexts with burials in chambers W8 and E29.
		Figure 230: Figure 25. Coin finds from the W cavea: find contexts with mass burials in chamber W2 and W3.
		Figure 231: Figure 1a, b. a)Hippodrome aerial view from north to south 1995 (A.O.); b) schematic plan of the circus before construction with known necropolis tombs plotted in 1995 (A.O.)
		Figure 232: Figure 2a, b. a) ground plan of extant remains of the Hippodrome in 1996 (A.O.); b) contexts of foundation and construction levels and loci of the circus building (plan 1995 A.O.)
		Figure 233: Figure 3a, b. a) Examples of foundations and original cavea wall construction methods (A.O.); b) rock foundations in E cavea: chamber E45: hypogean tombs and quarry cuts (A.O.)
		Figure 234: Figure 4. Preserved stratified examples of original dirt layers accumulated during construction of the lowest courses of the E cavea inside chambers and outer east facade (A.O. 1984-1996)
		Figure 235: Figure 5. Field sketches and labels with excavated deposits: aspects of work in progress in the field and studies on paper by A.O. (1984-1996)
		Figure 236: Figure 6. Selected coins from foundation contexts: original catalogue entries per coin by A.O. with commentary by C.A. and J.B. (1984-1996)
		Figure 237: Figure 7a, b. a) Gerasa Lamps and other objects from contexts dating the original construction b) Lamps predating the hippodrome from foundation and construction fills contexts; Gerasa Lamps dating the construction phase of the circus
		Figure 238: Figure 8a, b. a) Lamps from the pre-hippodrome pottery dumps used as part of foundation fills; b) pottery from the necropolis grounds in foundation fills of the cavea and arena
		Figure 239: Figure 9a, b. a) Pottery from construction levels and original use phase of the hippodrome (standing walls and in tumble of the original structure); b) pottery and wasters from original construction phase contexts
		Figure 240: Figure 10. Pottery from construction contexts and first or original use phase of the hippodrome
		Figure 241: P.1. Primary phase of use of the hippodrome, before first collapse: selected pottery drawings from excavations of W cavea chambers W2 and W3
		Figure 242: P.2. Hippodrome excavations 1992 and 1995: Two Late Hellenistic lamp mould matrixes from Late Roman pottery waste dumps in E and W cavea chambers W4 and E8
		Figure 243: P.3. Hippodrome excavations 1991 and 1993: Samples of the Hippodrome database - KOJA: Common kitchen ware from pottery kilns waste dumps in E cavea chambers E29 and E1
		Figure 244: P.4. Hippodrome excavations 1990: pottery drawings from excavations of E cavea chamber E2 Late Roman pottery workshop waste dump: casseroles and lids
		Figure 245: P.6. Construction and primary phase of use of the hippodrome: pottery drawings, lamps and relief plaque pottery mould from excavations 1986-1993 of the E carceres, and E and W cavea chambers (for P.5 see Figure 36 in A.O. report)
		Figure 246: P.7. Construction and primary phase of use of the hippodrome: foundation fill and collapsed masonry: pottery drawings from excavations 1990-91 of W cavea chambers W2 and W3
		Figure 247: P.8. Hippodrome excavations 1990: pottery and lamps drawings from excavations of E cavea chamber E2 Late Roman pottery workshop waste dump
		Figure 248: P.9. Hippodrome excavations 1990: pottery, sherd tools and lamps from excavations of E cavea chamber E2: Late Roman pottery workshop waste dump
		Figure 249: P.10. Hippodrome excavations 1990: pottery drawings from excavations of E cavea chamber E2: Late Roman pottery workshop waste dump
		Figure 250: P.11. Hippodrome excavations 1985-96: ceramics from excavations of the E and W cavea chambers: Late Byzantine pottery workshops waste dumps
		Figure 251: Pottery and other ceramics from contexts of the E cavea excavations: chambers E32, E45, E53
		Figure 252: Pottery and other ceramics from contexts of the E cavea excavations: chambers E1, E6, E10, E12, E20, E27/28, E28
		Figure 253: Pottery from contexts of the E cavea excavations: chambers E17
		Figure 254: Pottery and glass from contexts of the E cavea excavations: chamber E27
		Figure 255: Pottery and other ceramics, and bronze amulet from contexts of the E cavea excavations:chambers E30, E34, E35, E38, E42, E44
		Figure 256: Pottery and other ceramics from contexts of the W cavea excavations: chambers W1, W3, W5, W6, W7; outer periphery in front of W4-6, W5-6, W5-7
		Figure 257: Pottery and lamps from contexts of the W cavea excavations: chambers W18, W17, W14
		Figure 258: Pottery and lamps from contexts of the W cavea excavations: chambers W10 and outer periphery in front of W4-5
		Figure 259: Pottery, lamps, glass, beads and rings from context of the W cavea excavation 1993: chamber W2: with and underneath skeletal remains
		Figure 260: Pottery, ceramic tiles and pipe from context of the W cavea excavation 1993: chamber W2: with and underneath skeletal remains
		Figure 261: Pottery and lamps from various contexts of the hippodrome excavations: the periphery of N and E cavea, N arena and E-S carceres
Compendium B
The Hippoodrome of Gerasa. Archaeological materials and their contexts
	Published Articles
		ADAJ 58, 2014 (2017): 181-213.
		Ina Kehrberg and Antoni A. Ostrasz † (1929-1996)
			ANCIENT BURIALS AT THE HIPPODROME OF GERASA / JARASH.
				Sequence of burials:
	A History of Occupational Changes at the Site of the Hippodrome of Gerasa.*
		Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan / SHAJ 6 (1997, Amman): 167-174.
	Published articles by Ina Kehrberg[-Ostrasz]
	Selected Lamps and Pottery from the Hippodrome at Jerash
		In JAP II, SYRIA 66, 1989: 85-97
	Flaked Glass and Pottery Sherd Tools of the Late Roman and Byzantine Periods
		SYRIA 69/3-4, 1992: 452-464. Figs 1-11 (Figures 151-158)
		Ina Kehrberg, Hippodrome Team, reports:
	[Sherd Tools and their Association with Workshops at the Gerasa Hippodrome]
		American Journal of Archaeology / Archaeology of Jordan 99/3, 1995: 525-528. Fig.18 (FIG.159)  [see also Kehrberg 2016]
	Ceramic Lamp Production in the 4th and 5th Centuries AD
		E. Villeneuve and P. Watson (eds), La céramique byzantine et proto-islamique en Syrie-Jordanie (Ive-VIIIe siècles apr. J.-C.), Bibliothèque archéologique et historique, 159 (Beirut, 2001): 231-239.
		Figs 1-5 (for Fig.1 see FIGS 22, 27 or FIG.208) (Figures 2-5 : FIGS 160-163)
	Late Hellenistic and Early Roman Pottery of Gerasa
		In SHAJ 8, 2004: 189-196, figs 1-2 (Figures 164-165)
	Gerasa as Provider for Roman Frontier Stations:
		SHAJ 9, 2007: 31-48, figs 1-10  (Figures 166-175)
	Figurative adornment of Roman circuses: virtual presentation of the starting gate herms
		E. la Rocca, P. Leon and C.P. Presicce (eds), Le due patrie acquisite. Studi de archeologia dedicattia a Walter Trillmich (Bullettino della Commissione archeologica comunale di Roma, Supplementi  18) (2008): 207-214, figs 1-9 (Figures 176-181)
	Byzantine ceramic productions
		SHAJ 10, 2009: 493-512, figs 1-10 (Figures 182-191)
	The complexity of lamps:
		D. Frangié and J.-F. Salles (eds), Lampes antiques du Bilad esh-Sham: 127-147. Ed. De Boccard, Paris, 2011, figs 1-4 (Figures 192-195)
	Pottery and glass sherd-tools from Roman and Byzantine workshops
		Pp. 411-430 in SHAJ 12, 2016   figs 1-10 (Figures 195-205)
	Pottery and lamps from the foundation trenches and wall constructions
		ICHAJ XIII, Amman, 22-26 May, 2016: Presented 22nd May. Forthcoming in Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan / SHAJ 13 (Amman)., figs 1-10  (Figures 231-240)
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