The Highway Capacity Manual: A Conceptual and Research History Volume 2: Signalized and Unsignalized Intersections (Springer Tracts on Transportation and Traffic, 12)

Preface
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 The Highway Capacity Manual and the Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 The Development of a National Highway System
	1.3 Developing the Interstate System
	1.4 Formation of the Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service
	1.5 The First Edition: The 1950 Highway Capacity Manual
	1.6 The Second Edition: The 1965 Highway Capacity Manual
	1.7 The Third Edition: The 1985 Highway Capacity Manual
	1.8 Updates to the 1985 Highway Capacity Manual
	1.9 The Fourth Edition: The 2000 Highway Capacity Manual
	1.10 The Fifth Edition: The 2010 Highway Capacity Manual
	1.11 The 2016 HCM
	References
2 Fundamental Concepts for Interrupted Flow
	2.1 Discharge Headways, Saturation Flow Rates, Lost Times, and Capacity at Signalized Intersections
	2.2 Fundamental Signal Definitions
	2.3 The Concept of Effective Green Time
	2.4 Options for Signal Phasing
	2.5 Types of Signal Control
	2.6 The Concept of Critical Lanes and/or Movements
	2.7 Delay Concepts
		2.7.1 Webster’s Uniform Delay Model
		2.7.2 Introducing Randomness into the Equation
		2.7.3 Overflow Delay Concepts
		2.7.4 Estimating Overflow Delay
		2.7.5 Problems with Simple Delay Estimations
	2.8 Queues and Stops
	2.9 Intersections, Segments, and Facilities
	References
3 Concepts of Capacity and Level of Service for Interrupted Flow
	3.1 The Capacity Concept
		3.1.1 The 1950 Highway Capacity Manual
		3.1.2 The 1965 Highway Capacity Manual
		3.1.3 The 1985 Highway Capacity Manual
		3.1.4 The 1994 and 1997 Updates to the HCM
		3.1.5 The 2000, 2010, and 2016 Highway Capacity Manuals
	3.2 The Level of Service Concept
		3.2.1 The 1965 Highway Capacity Manual
		3.2.2 The 1985 Highway Capacity Manual
		3.2.3 The 1994 Update Through the 2016 HCM
	3.3 Closing Thoughts
	References
4 Unsignalized Intersections: Two-Way STOP Control (TWSC)
	4.1 In the Beginning—the 1965 HCM
		4.1.1 Uncontrolled Intersections
		4.1.2 YIELD-Controlled Intersections
		4.1.3 Two-Way STOP-Controlled Intersections (TWSC)
	4.2 The Road to New Approaches Based on Gap Acceptance
	4.3 Basic Structure of the Methodology
	4.4 Movement Designations
	4.5 Conversion to Passenger Car Equivalents and Flow Rates
	4.6 Defining Conflicting Traffic Streams
		4.6.1 Circular 212—1980
		4.6.2 The 1985 Highway Capacity Manual and the 1994 Update
		4.6.3 The 1997 Update to the 85 HCM and the 2000 HCM
		4.6.4 The 2010 and 2016 Highway Capacity Manuals
	4.7 Critical Gaps (Headways) and Follow-up Times
		4.7.1 Circular 212
		4.7.2 The 1985 Highway Capacity Manual
		4.7.3 The 1994 Update to the 85 HCM
		4.7.4 The 1997 Update to the 85 HCM and the 2000 HCM
		4.7.5 The 2010 and 2016 Highway Capacity Manuals
	4.8 Determining Potential Capacity (Cp)
		4.8.1 Circular 212
		4.8.2 The 1985 Highway Capacity Manual
		4.8.3 The 1994 Update to the 85 HCM
		4.8.4 The 1997 Update to the 85 HCM and the 2000 HCM
		4.8.5 The 2010 and 2016 Highway Capacity Manuals
	4.9 Determination of Movement Capacity—Impedance Effects
		4.9.1 Circular 212
		4.9.2 The 1985 Highway Capacity Manual
		4.9.3 The 1994 Update to the 85 HCM
		4.9.4 The 1997 Update to the 85HCM and the 2000 HCM
		4.9.5 The 2010 and 2016 Highway Capacity Manuals
	4.10 Shared-Lane Capacity
	4.11 Delay and Level of Service
		4.11.1 Circular 212
		4.11.2 The 1985 Highway Capacity Manual
		4.11.3 The 1994 Update to the 85 HCM
		4.11.4 The 1997 Update to the 85HCM and the 2000 HCM
		4.11.5 The 2010 and 2016 Highway Capacity Manuals
	4.12 Two-Stage Movements at a TWSC Intersection
	4.13 Flared Intersection Approaches
	4.14 The Effect of Platoon Flow on the Major Street
		4.14.1 The 1985 Highway Capacity Manual
		4.14.2 The 1994 Update to the 85 HCM
		4.14.3 The 1997 Update to the 85 HCM and the 2000 HCM
		4.14.4 The 2010 Highway Capacity Manual
		4.14.5 The 2016 Highway Capacity Manual
		4.14.6 A Controversy
	4.15 A Final Thought
	4.16 Sample Calculations
	References
5 Unsignalized Intersections: All-Way STOP Control (AWSC)
	5.1 The 1965 Highway Capacity Manual: A Meager Beginning
	5.2 The 1985 Highway Capacity Manual
	5.3 The 1994 Update to the 85 HCM
	5.4 The 1997 Update, and the 2000–2016 HCMs
		5.4.1 Geometry Groups
		5.4.2 Saturation Headways
		5.4.3 Departure Headways
		5.4.4 Capacity
		5.4.5 Delay and Level of Service
	5.5 Sample Calculation
	References
6 Unsignalized Intersections: Roundabouts
	6.1 The 2000 Highway Capacity Manual
	6.2 The 2010 Highway Capacity Manual
		6.2.1 Converting Demand Volumes to Flow Rates in Pce’s
		6.2.2 Estimating Capacity of Entering Roadways
		6.2.3 Determining Circulating and Exit Demand Flows
		6.2.4 Determining Demand Flow Rates by Lane
		6.2.5 Pedestrian Interference
		6.2.6 Capacities, Demand Flow Rates, and V/C Ratios
		6.2.7 Delay and Level of Service
	6.3 The 2016 HCM
	6.4 Sample Calculation
	6.5 Closing Comments for Unsignalized Intersections (TWSC, AWSC, and Roundabouts)
	References
7 Signalized Intersections: 1950 Through 1980
	7.1 Fundamental Concepts
	7.2 The Early Development of Traffic Signals
	7.3 The 1950 Highway Capacity Manual
	7.4 The 1965 Highway Capacity Manual
		7.4.1 Signalized Intersection Levels of Service in the 1965 HCM
		7.4.2 Base Saturation Flow Rates in the 1965 HCM
		7.4.3 Adjustments in the 1965 HCM
		7.4.4 Comments on the 1965 Intersection Methodology
	7.5 Circular 212: Interim Materials
		7.5.1 Background and General Approach
		7.5.2 The Planning Application
		7.5.3 The Design and Operations Application
		7.5.4 Comments on Critical Movement Analysis
	References
8 Signalized Intersections: 1985 Through 2000
	8.1 The Basic Framework—1985 Through 2000
	8.2 The Input Module
		8.2.1 The 1985 Highway Capacity Manual
		8.2.2 The 1994 Update to the 1985 HCM
		8.2.3 The 1997 Update to the 1985 HCM
		8.2.4 The 2000 HCM Input Module
	8.3 The Volume Adjustment Module
		8.3.1 The 1985 Highway Capacity Manual
		8.3.2 The 1994 Update to the 1985 HCM
		8.3.3 The 1997 Update to the 1985 HCM
		8.3.4 The 2000 Highway Capacity Manual
	8.4 The Saturation Flow Rate Module
		8.4.1 General Form of the Saturation Flow Module 1985—2000
		8.4.2 The Simple Adjustment Factors: 1985 HCM
		8.4.3 The Simple Adjustment Factors: 1994 Update
		8.4.4 The Simple Adjustment Factors: 1997 Update
		8.4.5 The Simple Adjustment Factors: 2000 HCM
		8.4.6 The Left-Turn Adjustment Factor (fLT)
	8.5 The Capacity Analysis Module
		8.5.1 The 1985 HCM Capacity Analysis Module
		8.5.2 The 1994 Update
		8.5.3 The 1997 and 2000 Capacity Analysis Modules
	8.6 The Level of Service Module
		8.6.1 The 1985 Highway Capacity Manual
		8.6.2 The 1994 Update to the 1985 HCM
		8.6.3 The 1997 Update to the 1985 HCM
		8.6.4 The 2000 Highway Capacity Manual
	8.7 Conclusions
	References
9 The 2010 and 2016 Highway Capacity Manual Signalized Intersection Methodology
	9.1 Key Changes to the Signalized Intersection Methodology in the 2010 HCM
		9.1.1 The Definition of Lane Groups
		9.1.2 Changes To Estimating Uniform Delay, D1
		9.1.3 Calculating Effective Green Time
		9.1.4 Peak Hour Factor, PHF
		9.1.5 Interim Model Adjustments
	9.2 Analysis of a Pretimed Signalized Intersection
		9.2.1 Movements Served by More Than One Lane Group
	9.3 Methodology for Actuated Signals
	9.4 Default Values in the 2010 HCM
	9.5 Additional Changes in the 2016 HCM
		9.5.1 Additional Adjustment Factors to Base Saturation Flow Rate
	Appendix
	References
10 Signalized Intersections—Planning Methodology
	10.1 The 1985 HCM
	10.2 The 1994 Update [3]
		10.2.1 Planning Method Inputs (1994 Update)
		10.2.2 Lane Volume Worksheet (1994 HCM)
		10.2.3 Signal Operations Worksheet (1994 HCM)
		10.2.4 Optional Development of a Timing Plan
	10.3 The 1997 Update [4]
	10.4 The 2000 HCM [5]
		10.4.1 QEM Input Worksheet (2000 HCM)
		10.4.2 Left-Turn Treatment Worksheet (2000 HCM)
		10.4.3 QEM Lane Volume Worksheet (2000 HCM)
		10.4.4 QEM Control Delay and LOS Worksheet (2000 HCM)
	10.5 The 2010 HCM [6]
		10.5.1 QEM Input Worksheet (2010 HCM)
		10.5.2 Left-Turn Treatment Worksheet (2010 HCM)
		10.5.3 QEM Lane Volume Worksheet (2010 HCM)
		10.5.4 QEM Control Delay and LOS Worksheet (2010 HCM)
	10.6 The 2016 HCM [6]
		10.6.1 Part I of the Planning Method, Critical Movement Analysis
		10.6.2 Part II of the Planning Method, Delay and LOS
	10.7 Conclusion
	References
11 Comments and Recommendations
	11.1 Complexity, Precision, and Accuracy
	11.2 Who’s the Audience?
	11.3 The Level of Service Predicament
		11.3.1 An Argument for Eliminating LOS
		11.3.2 Options for Retaining LOS
	11.4 Form of Future Manuals
	11.5 A Recommendation on Complexity
	11.6 A Suggested Outline for a 7th Edition HCM
	11.7 Concluding Remarks
	Reference
Appendix A Sample Calculations: TWSC Intersections
The Problem: A Simple TWSC Intersection
Circular 212
1985 Highway Capacity Manual
The 1994 Update to the 1985 HCM
The 1997 Update to the 95 HCM and the 2000 HCM
The 2010 and 2016 Highway Capacity Manuals
Comparison and Comments
Improving the Intersection
Appendix B Sample Calculations—AWSC Intersections
A Simple Problem: Two One-Way Streets with AWSC
The 1985 Highway Capacity Manual
The 1994 Update to the 1985 HCM
The 1997 Update, and the 2000–2016 HCMs
Comparisons and Discussion
Appendix C Sample Calculations—Roundabouts
A Simple One-Lane Roundabout
A Roundabout Solution for the TWSC Sample Calculation of Appendix A
Appendix D Sample Calculations—Signalized Intersections
Sample Calculation: A Simple Signalized Intersection
The 1950 Highway Capacity Manual
The 1965 Highway Capacity Manual
Circular 212
The 1985 Highway Capacity Manual
The 1994 Update to the 1985 HCM
The 1997 Update to the 1985 HCM
The 2000 Highway Capacity Manual
The 2010 Highway Capacity Manual
The 2016 Highway Capacity Manual
10 Comparing the Results
Index