The Handbook of Memory Disorders

The Handbook of Memory Disorders......Page 2
Contents......Page 8
About the Editors......Page 11
Contributors......Page 12
Preface......Page 15
Preface to the First Edition......Page 17
SECTION I Theoretical Background......Page 18
THE FRACTIONATION OF MEMORY......Page 20
LONG-TERM MEMORY......Page 24
STAGES OF MEMORY......Page 26
EVERYDAY MEMORY......Page 28
REFERENCES......Page 30
MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BASIS OF MEMORY......Page 34
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS......Page 37
Anatomy......Page 38
Retrograde Memory......Page 42
Amnesia Severity is Correlated with Extent of Damage to Mesial Temporal Lobe......Page 43
Declarative vs. Non-declarative Memory......Page 44
Anatomy......Page 45
Retrograde Memory......Page 46
The Leftand Right-sided Systems......Page 47
Unique and Nonunique Knowledge......Page 48
Modality-speci“c Early Sensory Cortices......Page 49
Amygdala......Page 50
Frontal Lobes......Page 51
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Region......Page 52
Ventromedial Prefrontal Region......Page 55
Basal Forebrain......Page 57
Basal Ganglia......Page 58
Thalamus......Page 59
A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK......Page 60
REFERENCES......Page 63
CHAPTER 3 Functional Neuroimaging of Memory......Page 74
METHODS......Page 75
Priming......Page 77
Interpretation of Repetition Suppression Effects......Page 79
Conclusions......Page 80
Encoding......Page 81
Interpretation of Findings from Encoding Studies......Page 84
Retrieval......Page 85
Blocked Retrieval Studies......Page 86
Event-related Studies......Page 87
Functional Signi.cance of Retrieval-related Activity......Page 90
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......Page 92
REFERENCES......Page 93
CHAPTER 4 The Medial Temporal Lobe and Memory for Facts and Events......Page 98
Anterograde Amnesia......Page 99
HUMAN STUDIES......Page 101
Anterograde Studies......Page 102
Retrograde Amnesia......Page 105
CONCLUSION......Page 111
REFERENCES......Page 113
WHY MODEL?......Page 118
A VERY BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO CONNECTIONISM......Page 119
Error-correcting Learning: Perceptron and Backpropagation......Page 120
Hebbian Learning......Page 122
GLOBAL ANATOMY OF LONG-TERM MEMORY......Page 124
Alvarez & Squire......Page 126
McClelland et al.......Page 127
Murre s TraceLink......Page 128
Nadel & Moscovitch s Multiple Trace Theory of Memory Consolidation......Page 130
Long-term Memory Consolidation......Page 131
Anterograde Amnesia......Page 133
Semantic Dementia......Page 134
CONCLUSION......Page 135
REFERENCES......Page 136
CHAPTER 6 Psychopharmacology of Human Memory......Page 140
Anticholinergic Drugs and Benzodiazepines......Page 142
Glutamate, NMDA Blockers and Memory......Page 146
Monoamines, Monaminergic Drugs and Memory......Page 147
Neurobiological Speci.city......Page 148
Psychological Speci.city......Page 149
PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENTS OF IMPAIRED MEMORY FUNCTION......Page 150
SOME PROSPECTS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH......Page 152
REFERENCES......Page 153
SECTION II Varieties of Memory Disorder......Page 160
CHAPTER 7 The Amnesic Syndrome: Overview and Subtypes......Page 162
ENCEPHALITIS......Page 163
Anoxia......Page 165
Wernicke…Korsakoff Syndrome......Page 167
Cerebrovascular Accidents......Page 169
Aneurysm Rupture of the Anterior Communicating Artery (ACoA)......Page 171
SUBTYPES OF AMNESIA......Page 173
CONCLUSION......Page 177
REFERENCES......Page 178
CHAPTER 8 Theories of Anterograde Amnesia......Page 184
THE FEATURES OF ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA......Page 186
LOCATION OF THE LESIONS THAT CAUSE ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA......Page 189
EVIDENCE THAT ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA IS FUNCTIONALLY HETEROGENEOUS......Page 191
WHAT KINDS OF FUNCTIONAL DEFICIT CAUSE ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA?......Page 194
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND THE FUTURE......Page 199
REFERENCES......Page 200
Methods of Empirical Investigation......Page 206
Unknown......Page 0
STRUCTURAL BRAIN PATHOLOGY AND RETROGRADE AMNESIA......Page 207
Autobiographical vs. Semantic Remote Memory......Page 209
Explicit vs. Implicit Remote Memory......Page 211
Brief vs. Extensive Episodic Retrograde Amnesia......Page 213
ASSOCIATIONS/CORRELATES OF RETROGRADE AMNESIA......Page 214
RETROGRADE VS. ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA......Page 215
THEORIES OF RETROGRADE AMNESIA......Page 216
NEUROIMAGING OF REMOTE MEMORY......Page 218
REFERENCES......Page 219
Case 1 (Goldenberg et al., 1991)......Page 226
Case 2......Page 228
CLINICAL FEATURES OF TGA......Page 230
Posttraumatic Amnesia......Page 231
Fugue States......Page 232
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PROGNOSIS OF TGA......Page 233
During Attack......Page 235
Imaging After Attack......Page 237
Aetiology......Page 238
AETIOLOGY OF TGA......Page 240
Selective Ischaemia of Paramedian Thalamic Arteries......Page 241
Venous Congestion......Page 242
Spreading Depression......Page 243
REFERENCES......Page 244
CHAPTER 11 Recovery of Memory Function in Neurological Disease......Page 250
SINGLE-CASE STUDIES OF RECOVERY OF MEMORY FUNCTION......Page 251
GROUP STUDIES OF RECOVERY OF MEMORY FUNCTION......Page 256
THE PROGNOSIS OF LONG-TERM RECOVERY OF MEMORY FUNCTION......Page 258
BRAIN IMAGING STUDIES OF RECOVERY OF MEMORY FUNCTION......Page 260
CONCLUSIONS......Page 261
REFERENCES......Page 262
Phonological Short-term Store and Rehearsal Process......Page 266
Working Memory and Short-term Memory......Page 268
NEUROANATOMICAL BASIS OF PHONOLOGICAL SHORT-TERM MEMORY......Page 269
Clinical Presentation......Page 271
Defective Phonological STS......Page 272
Defective Rehearsal Process......Page 277
The Selectivity of the De.cit of Immediate Verbal Memory......Page 278
Phonological Short-term Memory and Sentence Comprehension......Page 279
Phonological Short-term Memory and Vocabulary Acquisition......Page 280
Immediate Memory Span......Page 281
Assessment of Phonological Analysis and Speech Production......Page 282
REFERENCES......Page 283
SPECIFICITY OF VISUOSPATIAL WORKING MEMORY......Page 288
VISUO-SPATIAL WORKING MEMORY: A WORKSPACE, NOT A GATEWAY......Page 290
IMPLICIT PROCESSING IN PERCEPTUAL NEGLECT AND IN BLINDSIGHT......Page 293
VISUOSPATIAL WORKING MEMORY AND REPRESENTATIONAL NEGLECT......Page 295
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL DISSOCIATIONS BETWEEN VISUAL WORKING MEMORY AND SPATIAL WORKING MEMORY......Page 297
VISUOSPATIAL WORKING MEMORY AND THE CENTRAL EXECUTIVE......Page 303
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 304
REFERENCES......Page 305
CHAPTER 14 Disorders of Semantic Memory......Page 310
Semantic Dementia......Page 311
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis......Page 312
CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL SEMANTIC MEMORY RESEARCH......Page 313
Superordinate vs. Subordinate Information......Page 314
Category Speci“city......Page 315
Functional vs. Sensory Attributes of Meaning......Page 316
Feature Correlation......Page 317
Abstract vs. Concrete Concepts......Page 318
People and Places......Page 319
Single or Multiple Semantic Systems......Page 320
The Relationship between Semantic and Autobiographical Memory......Page 321
Script Theory and Semantic Memory Loss......Page 323
THE NEURAL BASIS FOR SEMANTIC MEMORY......Page 324
REFERENCES......Page 326
CHAPTER 15 The Cognitive Neuroscience of Confabulation: A Review and a Model......Page 332
Lesion Location: A Review of 79 Cases......Page 334
Compensation......Page 340
Temporal Disorder......Page 341
Retrieval De.cit......Page 343
Compensation......Page 344
Temporality and Source Monitoring......Page 346
Strategic Retrieval......Page 349
Retrieval......Page 353
CONCLUSION......Page 355
REFERENCES......Page 356
CHAPTER 16 The Cognitive Neuropsychology of False Memories: Theory and Data......Page 360
A CONSTRUCTIVE MEMORY FRAMEWORK......Page 361
MEMORY DISTORTION AND FALSE RECOGNITION......Page 363
FALSE RECOGNITION AND AMNESIA......Page 365
THE DISTINCTIVENESS HEURISTIC AND FALSE RECOGNITION......Page 368
THE FRONTAL LOBES AND FALSE RECOGNITION......Page 370
REFERENCES......Page 374
LEARNING AND RECALL......Page 380
Free Recall and Semantic Organization......Page 381
Susceptibility to Interference......Page 382
Recognition Memory......Page 383
MEMORY FOR CONTEXTUAL INFORMATION......Page 384
METACOGNITION AND MEMORY......Page 385
RETRIEVAL FROM REMOTE MEMORY......Page 386
WORKING MEMORY......Page 388
NEUROIMAGING FINDINGS: CORROBORATION AND EXTENSION......Page 389
DYNAMIC FILTERING THEORY OF FRONTAL LOBE FUNCTION......Page 390
REFERENCES......Page 392
PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC FEATURES CONTRIBUTING TO MEMORY DEFICIT......Page 398
Measurement of Posttraumatic Amnesia......Page 401
Sequence of Recovery......Page 403
Frequency, Speci.city and Impact of Residual Memory Disorder......Page 404
Auditory–Verbal Memory De.cits......Page 407
Non-verbal/Visual Memory De.cits......Page 408
Semantic/Declarative Knowledge......Page 410
Episodic/Remote/Autobiographical Memory......Page 411
Naming......Page 413
IMPLICIT MEMORY......Page 414
IMPAIRMENTS OF METACOGNITION......Page 415
PROSPECTIVE MEMORY......Page 416
SEVERITY AND CHRONICITY OF HEAD INJURY......Page 418
IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION......Page 419
REFERENCES......Page 420
CHAPTER 19 Schizophrenia......Page 430
COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN SCHIZOPHRENIA......Page 431
MEMORY IMPAIRMENT IN SCHIZOPHRENIA......Page 432
SCHIZOPHRENIC MEMORY IMPAIRMENT: A SPECIFIC NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL DEFICIT?......Page 434
Long-term Memory......Page 435
Short-term Memory......Page 436
Working Memory......Page 437
Semantic Memory......Page 439
Procedural and Implicit Memory......Page 440
THE ROLE OF EXECUTIVE FUNCTION IN SCHIZOPHRENIC MEMORY IMPAIRMENT......Page 443
THE FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF MEMORY IMPAIRMENT IN SCHIZOPHRENIA......Page 444
CONCLUSION......Page 445
REFERENCES......Page 447
CHAPTER 20 Memory and Emotional Disorder......Page 454
GENERAL MEMORY PERFORMANCE......Page 455
Differential Diagnosis of Emotion-related Memory Problems vs. Organic Memory Problems......Page 457
Mood-congruent Memory......Page 458
AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY STYLE......Page 461
SUMMARY AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS......Page 462
REFERENCES......Page 463
CHAPTER 21 Psychogenic Amnesia......Page 468
Amnesia for Offences......Page 469
Authentic Amnesia or Deliberate Malingering?......Page 471
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)......Page 472
Trauma as Cause or Coincidence?......Page 474
Psychogenic Fugue......Page 475
Psychogenic Focal Retrograde Amnesia......Page 479
Multiple Personality Disorder......Page 481
THE NATURE OF PSYCHOGENIC AMNESIA......Page 483
REFERENCES......Page 484
SECTION III Development and Memory......Page 490
CHAPTER 22 Memory Development During the Childhood Years......Page 492
Development......Page 493
Developmental Impairments of Verbal Short-term Memory......Page 497
Visuospatial Short-term Memory......Page 498
Development of the Central Executive......Page 499
Developmental Impairments of the Central Executive......Page 501
The Episodic Buffer......Page 502
The Development of Episodic Memory......Page 503
The Development of Autobiographical Memory......Page 506
CONCLUSIONS......Page 510
REFERENCES......Page 511
MENTAL RETARDATION......Page 518
Verbal Short-term Memory......Page 519
Visual and Spatial Short-term Memory......Page 522
LONG-TERM MEMORY......Page 523
Weaknesses and Strengths in the LTM Performance of MR Individuals......Page 524
Relevance of Memory Impairment in the Overall Cognitive De“cit of People with MR......Page 527
Basic Mechanisms of Poor LTM in MR Individuals......Page 529
Contrasting LTM Performance in Distinct Aetiological Groups of MR......Page 531
CONCLUSIONS......Page 532
REFERENCES......Page 533
BACKGROUND ISSUES......Page 538
ACQUIRED AMNESIA IN CHILDREN......Page 540
REYE S SYNDROME......Page 546
TEMPORAL LOBECTOMIES AND TEMPORAL LOBE SURGERY......Page 547
DEVELOPMENTAL AMNESIA......Page 548
MEMORY IN EPILEPSY......Page 551
EXECUTIVE IMPAIRMENT IN MEMORY......Page 552
MATERIAL-SPECIFIC IMPAIRMENT OF MEMORY......Page 553
CONCLUDING COMMENTS......Page 554
REFERENCES......Page 555
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND......Page 560
Motor Learning......Page 561
Priming......Page 563
Semantic Memory......Page 565
Episodic Memory......Page 566
Working Memory and Executive Processes......Page 568
Prospective Memory......Page 569
Source Memory......Page 571
False Memory......Page 573
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 574
Reduced Processing Resources......Page 575
Control......Page 576
REFERENCES......Page 577
CHAPTER 26 The Memory De“cit in Alzheimer s Disease......Page 586
Episodic Memory in Alzheimer s Disease......Page 588
Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Episodic Memory in Alzheimer s Disease......Page 592
Semantic Memory Loss in AD......Page 593
Neuroimaging Studies of Semantic Memory in AD......Page 596
REFERENCES......Page 600
CHAPTER 27 Memory Disorders in Subcortical Dementia......Page 608
Severity of Dementia and Group Matching......Page 609
Disorders of the Basal Ganglia......Page 610
Huntington’s Disease......Page 611
Basal Ganglia Calci.cation......Page 612
Wilson’s Disease......Page 613
Parkinson’s Disease......Page 614
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy......Page 615
Thalamic Degeneration......Page 616
Ischemic Vascular Disease......Page 617
Multiple Sclerosis......Page 618
HIV-related Dementia......Page 619
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus......Page 620
Disorders of the Cerebellum......Page 621
Spinocerebellar Ataxias......Page 622
REFERENCES......Page 623
SECTION IV Assessment and Management of Memory Problems......Page 632
CHAPTER 28 Assessment of Memory Disorders......Page 634
MODELS OF ASSESSMENT......Page 635
Standardized and Behavioural (Functional) Assessment Procedures......Page 638
ASPECTS OF MEMORY TO BE ASSESSED......Page 641
REFERENCES......Page 649
CHAPTER 29 Separating Memory from Other Cognitive Disorders......Page 654
Attentional Capacity......Page 655
Directed Attention......Page 656
Divided Attention......Page 657
Contributions to Memory......Page 658
Information Processing......Page 659
Nonverbal De.cits......Page 660
Contributions to Memory......Page 661
Volition......Page 662
Executing......Page 663
Contribution to Memory......Page 664
REFERENCES......Page 666
CHAPTER 30 Management and Remediation of Memory Problems in Brain-injured Adults......Page 672
THE CONSEQUENCES OF MEMORY PROBLEMS FOR PATIENTS AND THEIR FAMILIES......Page 673
RECOVERY OF MEMORY FUNCTION AFTER BRAIN INJURY......Page 674
HELPING MEMORY-IMPAIRED PEOPLE AND THEIR FAMILIES......Page 676
MANAGING THE EMOTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF MEMORY IMPAIRMENT......Page 678
GUIDELINES FOR HELPING PEOPLE WITH MEMORY DIFFICULTIES......Page 680
ENVIRONMENTAL ADAPTATIONS......Page 682
ERRORLESS LEARNING IN REHABILITATION......Page 684
OTHER WAYS OF IMPROVING LEARNING......Page 685
EXTERNAL MEMORY AIDS......Page 686
GENERALIZATION ISSUES......Page 692
SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 693
REFERENCES......Page 694
ISSUES OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF MEMORY IN CHILDREN......Page 700
Neuropathology......Page 701
CO-MORBID PROBLEMS......Page 702
CLINICAL INTERVIEW......Page 703
ASSESSMENT VARIABLES......Page 705
Qualitative Assessment......Page 707
Assessments of General Cognitive Functioning......Page 708
Children’s Memory Scale (CMS) (Cohen, 1997)......Page 709
Wide-range Assessment of Memory and Learning (WRAML) (Sheslow & Adams, 1990)......Page 710
Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test for Children (5–10 Years) (RBMT-C) (Wilson et al., 1991)......Page 711
Recall of Designs......Page 712
Story Recall......Page 713
Facial Recognition......Page 715
Spatial Recall......Page 718
ISSUES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF MEMORY AND LEARNING PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN......Page 720
Interventions......Page 722
REFERENCES......Page 725
DEMENTIA OF ALZHEIMER TYPE: A BRIEF OVERVIEW......Page 728
Conceptualizing DAT......Page 729
Screening Measures......Page 731
Non-cognitive Measures......Page 732
Distinguishing Dementia from  NormalŽ Ageing......Page 734
Which Tests Are Useful in Discriminating between Dementia and Normal Ageing?......Page 735
Which Tests Can Help to Discriminate between Depression and Dementia?......Page 736
Alzheimer’s and Frontotemporal Dementia......Page 737
Distinguishing Moderate from Severe Dementia......Page 738
INTERVENTION IN DAT......Page 739
Cognitive Rehabilitation: Concept and Application......Page 741
Theoretical Basis for Cognitive Rehabilitation of Memory in Early DAT......Page 742
Clinical Interventions for Memory Problems in DAT......Page 744
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 747
REFERENCES......Page 748
CHAPTER 33 Reducing the Impact of Cognitive Impairment in Dementia......Page 758
Environmental Design and Dementia......Page 759
Reducing Cognitive Load......Page 760
External Memory Aids......Page 761
REALITY ORIENTATION (RO)......Page 762
REMINISCENCE THERAPY......Page 765
CONCLUSION......Page 768
REFERENCES......Page 770
CHAPTER 34 External Memory Aids and Computers in Memory Rehabilitation......Page 774
Proximal Environmental Memory Aids......Page 776
Distal Environmental Memory Aids......Page 777
Stationery, Mechanical and Related Memory Aids......Page 778
Electronic Organizers and Related Electronic Reminders......Page 780
General Features......Page 781
Alarm Features......Page 782
Speech Storage Devices......Page 783
Electronic Communication Devices......Page 784
Exercises and Drills......Page 785
Mnemonic Strategies......Page 786
External Aids......Page 787
Acquisition of Domain-speci“c Knowledge......Page 788
Vocational Tasks......Page 789
Virtual Reality Technology......Page 790
General Factors......Page 791
Speci“c Factors......Page 792
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS......Page 793
REFERENCES......Page 794
SETTING THE SCENE......Page 802
A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR STUDYING EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF MEMORY DISORDERS......Page 803
PSYCHOSOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF MEMORY DISORDERS......Page 806
Social Functioning......Page 808
Personality Structure......Page 809
Emotional Status......Page 811
Background......Page 813
Issues of Insight......Page 815
Effect upon Personality, Self-concept and Self-esteem......Page 817
Effect upon Mood and Emotions......Page 819
CONCLUDING COMMENTS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 820
REFERENCES......Page 822
Author Index......Page 826
Subject Index......Page 852