The handbook of European communication history

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright Page......Page 6
Table of Contents......Page 7
List of Contributors......Page 11
Author Biographies......Page 15
Preface......Page 27
 A Re-Turn to the History of Mediated Communication?......Page 29
 Changing Times-Spaces in Europe – Historical Takes or (Re-)Turns......Page 32
 Only Dusty Old Papers or New Insights? Media History and the Internet Age......Page 35
 A Rising Field – Research on the History of Mediated Communication in Europe......Page 37
 What is Europe? Geographical Mix, CountrySelections and Criteria......Page 39
 More About the Scope of this Handbookand Editorial Approach......Page 41
 Thematic Introduction to the Sections and Chapters......Page 43
 Conclusions......Page 44
 References......Page 45
 Introduction......Page 51
  Historical and Political Background......Page 52
  Press Freedom and Its Guiding Principles in the Late Nineteenth Century......Page 53
  Resumption of Authoritarian Principles in the Early Twentieth Century......Page 57
  Historical and Political Background: The Strength of Absolutism and Catholicism......Page 60
  News Markets’ Limitations......Page 61
  Censorship and War Subsidies......Page 62
  New Media Under Control......Page 63
  Historical Background: Censorship in Sweden and Denmark‐Norway Around 1800......Page 64
  Access to Information......Page 65
  Formation of a Multi‐Party Press......Page 66
 References......Page 67
 Introduction......Page 71
 Britain......Page 74
 Portugal......Page 76
 Russia......Page 79
 Germany......Page 82
 Concluding Comments......Page 83
 References......Page 85
 Introduction: European Global Dominance......Page 89
 Transition: The Impact of World War I......Page 92
 The Interwar Period – From Film Europe to Filmed Propaganda......Page 94
 Post-War Europe – The Struggle to Retain Markets......Page 99
 The Rise of the European Co-Production......Page 101
 From State Aid to Supranational Regulation......Page 103
 References......Page 105
 Introduction......Page 107
 Inventions, Technical Progress and the Radio Boom in the United States......Page 108
 Striving for Independence: The BBC in Great Britain......Page 109
 Growing Influence of the State: Radio Broadcasting in Germany......Page 112
 Promoting a New State and National Identity: The Case of Czechoslovakia......Page 114
 A Dual System Controlled by the State: Radio Broadcasting in Portugal......Page 116
 Many Monopolies and Some Alternative Models: The Development in Other European Countries......Page 118
 Conclusion: The Dominance of the State in Early Radio Broadcasting......Page 120
 References......Page 121
 Introduction......Page 125
 German War Propaganda: Conflicting Viewson the Use of Traditional and ‘New’ Media......Page 126
 British War Propaganda: Adaptability as a Strategy for Success......Page 129
 Russian War Propaganda: Using Media to Counter Internal Criticism......Page 133
 Resisting the Invader: Belgian and French Propaganda......Page 135
 Trench Journals and Soldiers’ Morale......Page 137
 Conclusion......Page 138
 References......Page 139
 Introduction......Page 143
 The United Kingdom......Page 144
 Germany......Page 147
 The Territorial Netherlands......Page 150
 Sweden......Page 152
 Italy......Page 155
 Conclusion......Page 158
 References......Page 159
 Introduction......Page 163
 The Fascist Media System in Italy: Between Imposing Control and Granting Leeway......Page 165
 Media in National Socialist Germany. Between “Total Synchronization” and Audience Orientation......Page 168
 The Hybrid Media System in Hungary......Page 171
 The Spanish Media System During Franco’s Dictatorship: From Totalitarian to Moderate Authoritarianism......Page 173
 Conclusion......Page 176
 References......Page 178
 The Revolution of 1905 and the Emergence of a More Pluralist Media System......Page 181
 The Russian Revolution of 1917 – and the Start of the Bolshevik Media System......Page 184
 Red and White Propaganda During the “Civil War”......Page 187
 Liberalization During the New Economic Policy Period and the Soviet Media System......Page 189
 The Media System in Stalin’s Soviet Russia and the Threat of War in the 1930s......Page 194
  The Development of the Press......Page 195
 Television and Radio Broadcasting......Page 196
 Conclusion......Page 197
 References......Page 198
 “Hier spricht Deutschland!”: Nazi Wireless Propaganda......Page 201
 Britain’s Engagement in the War via Radio......Page 203
 Cross-Border Broadcasting in an Occupied Country: The Case of Poland......Page 206
 Broadcasting in Neutral Countries: The Cases of Portugal and Spain......Page 209
 Other Major Players......Page 212
 Conclusion......Page 213
 References......Page 214
 Introduction......Page 217
  Boom Years for Print Media......Page 218
  Ongoing Radio Times......Page 220
  TV Plans and Omnipresent Film......Page 221
 Established Orders – New Orders? Media Policy and the Post‐war Media Systems......Page 223
  Myths of European Networks......Page 225
 New Faces, New Voices? – Women in a Male Dominated Profession......Page 226
  How to Survive? – Everyday Problems......Page 227
  What Do We Want? – Visions of the Future......Page 228
  Who We Are? – Management of National Identity......Page 229
 Acknowledgments......Page 230
 References......Page 231
 Introduction......Page 233
 Germany......Page 235
 Poland......Page 238
 Spain......Page 241
 Finland......Page 243
 Conclusion......Page 245
 References......Page 246
 Introduction......Page 249
 Spain: From the Press Act to a Democratic Constitution......Page 250
  The Construction of the New State: Ramón Serrano Suñer’s Law of 1938......Page 251
  Signs of Liberalization: Fraga’s Law of 1966......Page 252
  The Media Under Salazar’s Rule: Decades of Legal Uncertainty (1926–1960s)......Page 253
 Greece: Propaganda in Disguise of Consumerism, Kitsch, and Greek Christianity......Page 255
  After the Coup d’État: The Greek Media Under the New Military Rule......Page 256
  A Military Junta Devoid of Ideology......Page 257
  The Ulbricht Era (1949–1971): Media as Diplomatic Weapons......Page 258
 Hungary: The Media Between Communist Virtues and Libertarian Efforts......Page 260
  A New Media Model After De-Stalinization (1956–1989)......Page 261
 Conclusion......Page 263
 References......Page 264
 Introduction......Page 267
  Inventing Television in the Nineteenth Century......Page 268
  Television’s Technologies, Images, and Spaces in the Interwar Period......Page 269
  Launching of Regular Television Broadcastingfrom a Transnational Perspective......Page 270
 The Emergence of Television in Post‐War Europe: Patterns and Paths......Page 271
  Television’s Transition from Public to Domestic Spaces......Page 273
  Early Television Audiences......Page 274
  Television Coming of Age......Page 276
 European TV Cultures in the Cold War Media Landscape......Page 277
  Geographies of Television in Europe......Page 278
 Conclusion......Page 279
 References......Page 280
 Introduction......Page 285
 Radio and Television at the Center of the Political Debate: Pressures for Access......Page 286
 Private Pressure Groups and the Deregulation of Television......Page 288
 First Steps of Commercial Television......Page 290
 The Privatization of Radio and Television in Southern Europe: Differences and Similarities......Page 291
 European Regions: An Opportunity for Commercial Radio and Television......Page 293
 New Technologies for a New Society: VCR, Cable, and Satellite Television......Page 296
 Cable and Satellite: Emerging Technologies......Page 297
 Transformation in Media Production and Consumption......Page 299
 Conclusion......Page 300
 References......Page 302
 Introduction: Media History and Central and Eastern Europe......Page 305
 Bulgaria......Page 306
  The Political Transformation of 1989–1997 and its Aftermath......Page 307
  The Post-Transformation Period......Page 308
  The Political Transformation of 1989–1990 and Its Aftermath......Page 310
  The Post-Transformation Period......Page 311
  Hungary: Summary and Conclusions......Page 313
 Lithuania......Page 314
  The Political Transformation of 1989–1990 and Its Aftermath......Page 315
  The Post-Transformation Period......Page 316
 Poland......Page 318
  The Political Transformation of 1989–1991 and Its Aftermath......Page 319
  The Post-Transformation Period......Page 320
  Poland: Summary and Conclusions......Page 321
 References......Page 322
 Introduction......Page 327
  Legal Deregulation......Page 328
  Media Concentration......Page 330
  Legal Deregulation......Page 332
  Media Concentration......Page 334
  Multinational Companies......Page 335
  Legal Deregulation......Page 336
  Media Concentration......Page 337
  Multinational Companies......Page 338
 Conclusions......Page 339
 References......Page 341
 Introduction......Page 343
 Constituting the European Project......Page 344
 The European Public Sphere: A Condition for a United Europe?......Page 345
 … Ridden by a Democratic Deficit?......Page 346
 Cultural Dimensions of an (Evolving) European Public Sphere......Page 349
 Urban Spaces: European Capitals of Culture......Page 350
 Audiovisual Spaces: European Film......Page 351
 Communication and Media in the Project Europe......Page 352
 Crisis in Europe: Europe in Crisis......Page 353
 Note......Page 354
 References......Page 355
 Introduction......Page 361
  From Text and Directories to the World Wide Web......Page 362
 Country Specific Trends in Media Development......Page 363
  Decline of Newspaper Circulation......Page 364
  Liberalization of Audiovisual Markets......Page 365
  Democratization and Foreign Investments......Page 366
 When Traditional Media Went Online......Page 367
  The Game Changer......Page 368
  Audiovisual Media Overtaking Print......Page 369
  Online Gaining Autonomy......Page 370
 Changing Practices and Challenges......Page 371
 Conclusion......Page 373
 References......Page 374
 Introduction......Page 379
  A History of Practice......Page 380
  A History of Ideals......Page 381
 The Weight of a Dominant Narrative......Page 383
 The Long Century of European Journalism: Variations of Time and Context......Page 384
  The Emerging Profession......Page 385
 The Search for Public Interest Journalism......Page 387
 The Late High Moment of Professionalism......Page 389
 Concluding Remarks......Page 390
 References......Page 392
 Introduction: National Traditions and Different Ways of Training Aspiring Journalists......Page 395
 US Journalism Schools and Their Influence on Some European Countries......Page 396
 The Role of the German Zeitungswissenschaft......Page 398
 Changes in the European Training Schemes After World War II......Page 400
 Spain and Finland as Surprising Exceptions in Southern and Northern Europe......Page 401
 Heterogeneity and Ideological Biased Education in Communist Countries......Page 403
 First Wave of University‐Based Programs in Journalism in Western Europe......Page 404
 A Second Wave in the 1990s......Page 406
 After the Fall of the Berlin Wall......Page 407
 Note......Page 409
 References......Page 410
 Introduction......Page 413
  Print: The Advent of Newspaper Readers......Page 414
  Electrification: Listeners and Viewers......Page 415
  Television Revolution and Home Audiences......Page 417
 The New “New Media”: Computerization and the Internet......Page 419
  Case Study Turkey: Embracing Social Media3......Page 421
  Case Study Russia: RuNet and RuTube......Page 422
  Case Study Germany: Media Audiences and Motives......Page 423
  Case Study Denmark: The “Early Adopters”......Page 424
 Conclusion......Page 425
 References......Page 427
 Introduction......Page 431
 Americanization as a Two-Sided Concept......Page 433
 Different Styles of Journalism......Page 436
 News Values and Active On-the-Spot Reporting......Page 438
 The Objectivity Regime......Page 441
 Conclusion......Page 443
 References......Page 444
 Introduction......Page 449
 Mid-nineteenth Century to 1914......Page 450
 1914 to the 1960s......Page 455
 1970s to the Present......Page 459
 References......Page 461
 Introduction – An Incomplete History of a Fragmented and Moving Target......Page 465
 Emergence and Development of Minority Media......Page 467
 The Beginning of a Long History of Identity Management: the Representation of the “We” in Disintegrating Empires......Page 469
 The 1960s: Broadcasting Debates on Inclusion and Exclusion......Page 472
 Migrant Movements and the Extension of the Term “Minority Media”......Page 474
 Through the Lens of the Others: Representation of Minorities and Diversity in Mainstream Media......Page 475
 Conclusion......Page 476
 References......Page 477
 Introduction......Page 481
  Approach and Outline......Page 482
 Classic Liberalism with Limited Democracy: A Dominant Model Under Pressure......Page 483
  British Thinkers: Cobden, Spencer, May, Dicey, and Hobson......Page 485
  German Theorists: Van Thünen, Marx, Knies, Bücher, Tönnies, and Weber......Page 488
 Émile Durkheim on Divisions of Labor – Social and Spatial......Page 492
 New Social Movements – Reimagining the Space of Political Organization......Page 494
 Social Democrats Get to Parliament: Moderated or Silenced Internationalism?......Page 496
 World War I and the Reconstruction (and Embedding) of Modern Nationalism......Page 497
 Conclusions and Implications......Page 498
 References......Page 500
Author Index......Page 503
Subject Index......Page 513
EULA......Page 523