The great conversation: a historical introduction to philosophy

*=New to this EditionA Word to Instructors: A Word to Students: Acknowledgments: 1. Before Philosophy: Myth in Hesiod and HomerHesiod: War among the GodsHomer: Heroes, Gods, and Excellence2. Philosophy before SocratesThales: The One as WaterAnaximander: The One as the BoundlessXenophanes: The Gods as FictionsSketch: PythagorasHeraclitus: Oneness in the LogosParmenides: Only the OneZeno: The Paradoxes of Common SenseAtomism: The One and the Many ReconciledThe Key: An Ambiguity: The World: The Soul: How to Live: * 3. Appearance and Reality in Ancient India* The Vedas and the Upanisads* The Buddha* The Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Noble Path: * Right View: * Non-Self and Nagasena* The Brahmanical Schools* Vaisesika: * Nyaya: * The Great Conversation in India4. The Sophists: Rhetoric and Relativism in AthensDemocracyThe Persian WarsThe SophistsRhetoric: Relativism: Physis and Nomos: Athens and Sparta at WarAristophanes and Reaction* 5. Reason and Relativism in China* A Brief History of Ancient China* Mozi* The School of Names* The Later Mohists* Zhuangzi* Sketch: Laozi6. Socrates: To Know OneselfCharacterIs Socrates a Sophist?What Socrates "Knows"We Ought to Search for Truth: Human Excellence Is Knowledge: All Wrongdoing Is Due to Ignorance: The Most Important Thing of All is to Care for Your Soul: 7. The Trial and Death of SocratesEuthyphro: Translator's IntroductionThe DialogueCommentary and QuestionsApology: Translator's IntroductionThe DialogueCommentary and QuestionsCrito: Translator's IntroductionThe DialogueCommentary and QuestionsPhaedo (Death Scene)Translator's IntroductionThe Dialogue (Selection)Commentary and Questions8. Plato: Knowing the Real and the GoodKnowledge and OpinionMaking the Distinction: We Do Know Certain Truths: The Objects of Knowledge: The Reality of the Forms: The World and the FormsHow Forms Are Related to the World: Lower and Higher Forms: The Form of the Good: The Love of WisdomWhat Wisdom Is: Love and Wisdom: The SoulThe Immortality of the Soul: The Structure of the Soul: MoralityThe StateProblems with the Forms9. Aristotle: The Reality of the WorldAristotle and PlatoLogic and KnowledgeTerms and Statements: Truth: Reasons Why: The Syllogism: Knowing First Principles: The WorldNature: The Four "Becauses": Is There Purpose in Nature?: Teleology: First PhilosophyNot Plato's Forms: What of Mathematics?: Substance and Form: Pure Actualities: God: The SoulLevels of Soul: Soul and Body: Nous: The Good LifeHappiness: Virtue or Excellence (Arete): The Role of Reason: Responsibility: The Highest Good: * 10. Confucius, Mencius, and Xunzi: Virtue in Ancient China* Confucius* The Way of Confucius: * Ritual Propriety: * Good Government: * Mencius* Differentiated Love: * Human Nature Is Good: * Xunzi: * The Confucians' Legacy: 11. Epicureans, Stoics, and Skeptics: Happiness for the ManyThe EpicureansThe StoicsProfile: Marcus AureliusThe Skeptics12. Jews and Christians: Sin, Salvation, and LoveBackgroundJesusThe Meaning of Jesus13. Augustine: God and the SoulWisdom, Happiness, and GodGod and the WorldThe Great Chain of Being: * Sketch: Hypatia of AlexandriaEvil: Time: Human Nature and Its CorruptionHuman Nature and Its RestorationAugustine on RelativismThe Two CitiesAugustine and the PhilosophersReason and Authority: Intellect and Will: Epicureans and Stoics: * 14. Philosophy in the Islamic World: The Great Conversation Spreads Out* A Sea Change in the Mediterranean Basin* Al-Kindi, the "Philosopher of the Arabs"* Al-Farabi, the "Second Master"* Religion as Subordinate to Philosophy: * Emanation and the Active Intellect: * Sketch: The Celestial Spheres* Certitude, Absolute Certitude, and Opinion: * Avicenna, the "Preeminent Master"* Existence and Essence: * The Necessary Existent, God: * The Soul and Its Faculties: * Al-GhazaliSketch: Maimonides (Moses ben Maimon)* The Great Conversation in the Islamic World15. Anselm and Aquinas: Existence and Essence in God and the WorldAnselm: On That, Than Which No Greater Can Be ConceivedThe Transfer of LearningThomas Aquinas: Rethinking AristotleSketch: Averro:es, the CommentatorPhilosophy and Theology: From Creation to God: The Nature of God: Humans: Their Souls: Humans: Their Knowledge: Humans: Their Good: Ockham and Skeptical Doubts--Again16. From Medieval to Modern EuropeThe World God Made for UsReforming the ChurchRevolutionsHumanism: Skeptical Thoughts Revived: Copernicus to Kepler to Galileo: The Great Triple Play: The Counter-Reformation17. Rene Descartes: Doubting Our Way to CertaintyThe MethodMeditations on First Philosophy (each Meditation is followed by Commentary and Questions): Meditation IMeditation IIMeditation IIIMeditation IVMeditation VMeditation VIWhat Has Descartes Done?A New Ideal for Knowledge: A New Vision of Reality: Problems: The Place of Humans in the World of Nature: The Mind and the Body: God and the Problem of Skepticism: The Preeminence of Epistemology: 18. Hobbes, Locke, and Berkeley: Materialism and the Beginnings of EmpiricismThomas Hobbes: Catching Persons in the Net of the New ScienceMethod: Minds and Motives: * Sketch: Margaret Cavendish* Sketch: Francis BaconThe Natural Foundation of Moral Rules: John Locke: Looking to ExperienceOrigin of Ideas: Idea of the Soul: Idea of Personal Identity: Language and Essence: The Extent of Knowledge: Of Representative Government: Of Toleration: George Berkeley: Ideas into ThingsAbstract Ideas: Ideas and Things: God: 19. David Hume: Unmasking the Pretensions of ReasonHow Newton Did It* Profile: Emilie du ChateletTo Be the Newton of Human NatureThe Theory of IdeasThe Association of IdeasCausation: The Very IdeaThe Disappearing SelfRescuing Human FreedomIs It Reasonable to Believe in God?Understanding MoralityReason Is Not a Motivator: The Origins of Moral Judgment: Is Hume a Skeptic?20. Immanuel Kant: Rehabilitating Reason (within Strict Limits)CritiqueJudgmentsGeometry, Mathematics, Space, and TimeCommon Sense, Science, and the a Priori CategoriesPhenomena and NoumenaSketch: Baruch SpinozaSketch: Gottfried Wilhelm von LeibnizReasoning and the Ideas of Metaphysics: God, World, and SoulThe Soul: The World and the Free Will: God: The Ontological Argument: Reason and MoralityThe Good Will: The Moral Law: Sketch: Jean-Jacques RousseauAutonomy: Freedom: 21. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: Taking History SeriouslyHistorical and Intellectual ContextThe French Revolution: The Romantics: Epistemology InternalizedSketch: Arthur SchopenhauerSelf and OthersStoic and Skeptical ConsciousnessHegel's Analysis of ChristianityReason and Reality: The Theory of IdealismSpirit Made Objective: The Social Character of EthicsHistory and Freedom22. Kierkegaard and Marx: Two Ways to "Correct" HegelKierkegaard: On Individual ExistenceThe Aesthetic: The Ethical: The Religious: The Individual: Marx: Beyond Alienation and ExploitationAlienation, Exploitation, and Private Property: Communism: 23. Moral and Political Reformers: The Happiness of All, including WomenThe Classic UtilitariansProfile: Peter SingerThe Rights of Women24. Friedrich Nietzsche: The Value of ExistencePessimism and TragedyGood-bye Real WorldThe Death of GodRevaluation of ValuesMaster Morality/Slave Morality: Profile: Iris MurdochOur Morality: The OvermanAffirming Eternal Recurrence25. The Pragmatists: Thought and ActionCharles Sanders PeirceFixing Belief: Belief and Doubt: Truth and Reality: Meaning: Signs: John DeweyThe Impact of Darwin: Naturalized Epistemology: Sketch: William JamesNature and Natural Science: Value Naturalized: 26. Ludwig Wittgenstein: Linguistic Analysis and Ordinary LanguageLanguage and Its LogicTractatus Logico-Philosophicus: Sketch: Bertrand RussellPicturing: Thought and Language: Logical Truth: Saying and Showing: Setting the Limit to Thought: Value and the Self: Good and Evil, Happiness and Unhappiness: The Unsayable: Profile: The Logical PositivistsPhilosophical InvestigationsPhilosophical Illusion: Language-Games: Naming and Meaning: Family Resemblances: The Continuity of Wittgenstein's ThoughtProfile: ZenOur Groundless Certainty27. Martin Heidegger: The Meaning of BeingWhat Is the Question?The CluePhenomenologyBeing-in-the-WorldThe "Who" of DaseinModes of DisclosureAttunement: Understanding: Discourse: Falling-AwayIdle Talk: Curiosity: Ambiguity: CareDeathConscience, Guilt, and ResolutenessTemporality as the Meaning of Care28. Simone de Beauvoir: Existentialist, FeministAmbiguityProfile: Jean-Paul SartreEthicsWoman29. Postmodernism: Derrida, Foucault, and RortyDeconstruction: Jacques DerridaWriting, Iterability, Differance: Deconstructing a Text: Knowledge and Power: Michel FoucaultArchaeology of Knowledge: Genealogy: Liberal Irony: Richard RortyContingency, Truth, and Antiessentialism: Liberalism and the Hope of Solidarity: Relativism: 30. Physical Realism and the Mind: Quine, Dennett, Searle, Nagel, Jackson, and ChalmersScience, Common Sense, and Metaphysics: Willard van Orman QuineHolism: Ontological Commitment: Natural Knowing: The Matter of MindsIntentionality: Intentional Systems: Daniel Dennett: The Chinese Room: John Searle: Consciousness: Nagel, Jackson, Chalmers: Afterword: Appendix: Writing a Philosophy Paper: Glossary: Credits: Index: