The Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Change: Scaling Ecological Energetics from Organism to the Biosphere

Cover
The Global Carbon Cycle and Climate Change
Copyright
List of figures
List of tables
Author Bio
Foreword
	Suggested Reading
Acknowledgments
1. An introduction to ecological energetics and the global carbon cycle
	1.1 Recommended Reading
2. The physical and chemical bases of energy
	2.1 Energy, work, and power
		Calories and Joules
	2.2 The different forms of energy
		Chemical energy
		Radiant energy
		Heat energy
	2.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics
		The First Law of Thermodynamics
		Work
		Enthalpy
		The Second Law of Thermodynamics
		Entropy
	2.4 Gaia hypothesis
	2.5 Carbon and energy
		The forms of carbon
		Measures of carbon
		Carbon chemistry
	2.6 Recommended reading
3. Energy relationships between organisms and their environment
	3.1 Energy balance
	3.2 Functional interrelationships affecting leaf temperature
	3.3 Solar
	3.4 Thermal energy
	3.5 Energy balance of a leaf
	3.6 Radiative energy balance of a forest
	3.7 Energy exchange of animals
	3.8 Recommended reading
4. Biological energy transformations by plants
	4.1 Solar radiation
	4.2 Photosynthesis
		The Light Reaction in photosynthesis
		The Calvin Cycle
		Energy-rich molecular bonds
	4.3 Strategies for coping with environmental constraints
		Photosynthetic adaptations
		Modified structures
	4.4 Energy conversion efficiencies
	4.5 Recommended reading
5. Energy processing by animals
	5.1 Metabolism
	5.2 Free energy
	5.3 Respiration
	5.4 Energy value of foods
	5.5 Digestion and assimilation
	5.6 Respiration rates
	5.7 Energy costs of digestion
	5.8 Food energy budget for an individual
	5.9 Why pork is cheaper than beef and chicken costs least of all
	5.10 Recommended Reading
6. Species adaptations to their energy environment
	6.1 The limits of survival
		Thermal properties of water
		Specific heat of water
		Chemical reaction rates
	6.2 Adaptation to the energy environment
		Adaptive mechanisms
		Adaptive strategies
	6.3 Phenological relationships
		Phenology
	6.4 Extreme environments
	6.5 Recommended Reading
7. Food chains and trophic level transfers
	7.1 Food chains
	7.2 Population dynamics and food chains
	7.3 Food webs
	7.4 Trophic levels
	7.5 Trophic level efficiencies
	7.6 Trophic structure of different ecosystems
	7.7 Recommended reading
8. Energy flow in ecosystems
	8.1 Ecosystem energetics
	8.2 Ecosystem production equations
	8.3 Measurement of pools and fluxes
	8.4 The carbon cycle in ecosystems
	8.5 Comparison of carbon metabolism among ecosystems
	8.6 Net ecosystem production and net ecosystem exchange
	8.7 Emergent properties of ecosystems
	8.8 Recommended Reading
9. Ecosystem productivity
	9.1 Terrestrial ecosystems
	9.2 Freshwater ecosystems
	9.3 Marine ecosystems
	9.4 Secondary production
	9.5 Global biome-scale production
	9.6 Factors affecting global productivity
	9.7 Scaling from stand to the planetary boundary layer
	9.8 Recommended reading
10. The global carbon cycle and the biosphere
	10.1 The components of the global carbon cycle
	10.2 Carbon cycle regulators
	10.3 Units of measure for the global scale
	10.4 History of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
	10.5 Uptake of carbon dioxide by the oceans
	10.6 Carbon exchange between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems
	10.7 Modeling carbon in the biosphere
	10.8 Recommended reading
11. Anthropogenic alterations to the global carbon cycle and climate change
	11.1 Changing atmospheric concentrations of CO2
	11.2 The greenhouse effect
	11.3 Climate change
	11.4 Greenhouse gases
	11.5 Anthropogenic contributions to atmospheric CO2
	11.6 Where are the CO2 emissions being generated?
	11.7 Carbon cycle model projections of future atmospheres
	11.8 Climate changes and climate model projections for the future
	11.9 The effects of climate change
	11.10 Recommended Reading
12. Carbon, climate change, and public policy
	12.1 What are the potential consequences of inaction?
	12.2 Do we know enough?
	12.3 International accords
	12.4 Mitigation and adaptation
	12.5 The economics of clean energy
	12.6 What has been the impedance?
	12.7 Is it too late to act?
	12.8 Recommended reading
13. Postscript
14. Suggested classroom uses of this book
Bibliography
Author Index
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Subject Index
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Back Cover