The Gender of Constitutional Jurisprudence

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
List of Contributors......Page 9
Acknowledgments......Page 15
The Gender of Constitutional Jurisprudence......Page 17
Introduction: Toward a Feminist Constitutional Agenda......Page 19
WOMEN AND CONSTITUTIONAL AGENCY......Page 25
WOMEN AND CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS......Page 26
WOMEN AND CONSTITUTIONALLY STRUCTURED DIVERSITY......Page 29
WOMEN AND CONSTITUTIONAL EQUALITY DOCTRINE......Page 30
CONSTITUTIONALIZING WOMEN’S REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS AND SEXUAL AUTONOMY......Page 34
WOMEN’S RIGHTS AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL DEFINITION OF THE FAMILY......Page 36
WOMEN’S SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS IN THE CONSTITUTION......Page 37
CONSTITUTING WOMEN: THE GENDER OF CONSTITUTIONAL JURISPRUDENCE......Page 39
1 Speaking into a Silence......Page 40
EMBEDDED CONSTITUTIONALISM......Page 41
Federalism......Page 42
Separation of Powers......Page 43
The Prehistory......Page 44
Who Is a Citizen?......Page 45
Federalism and the Public and Private Divide......Page 47
Contemporary Developments......Page 49
Is There a Right to Equality?......Page 50
Women’s Rights – an External Affair?......Page 52
SPEAKING INTO A SILENCE: THE NEED FOR ARTICULATED RIGHTS?......Page 54
EMBEDDING CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS......Page 56
IVF and Women’s Rights......Page 57
Aboriginal Women’s Rights......Page 60
CONCLUSION......Page 64
2 Using the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms to Constitute Women......Page 66
FEMINISTS ADVOCATE EQUALITY......Page 67
As Lobbyists......Page 68
As Litigators......Page 70
Athletics......Page 72
Reproduction......Page 73
Crime......Page 74
Family......Page 79
Employment......Page 81
Aboriginal Women......Page 84
Racially Identified Women......Page 85
Young/Elderly Women......Page 86
Lesbian Women......Page 87
Immigrant Women......Page 88
Poor Women......Page 89
Income Tax......Page 90
CONCLUSION......Page 91
Suggested Readings......Page 92
3 Emancipatory Equality......Page 93
PRINCIPAL GENDER-RELATED SUBSTANTIVE PROVISIONS......Page 95
Horizontal Effects within Traditionally “Private” Spheres......Page 98
Substantive Equality......Page 104
Diverse Family Structures......Page 109
Reproductive Freedom and Control......Page 111
CONCLUSION......Page 114
Suggested Readings......Page 115
4 Gender Equality and International Human Rights in Costa Rican Constitutional Jurisprudence......Page 117
PRINCIPAL GENDER-RELATED FEATURES OF THE COSTA RICAN CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER......Page 119
EVOLVING CONCEPTS OF GENDER EQUALITY......Page 121
Citizenship......Page 123
Women’s Participation in Decision-Making......Page 124
Electoral Quotas for Women Candidates......Page 127
Substantive Equality and Corrective Measures......Page 129
Other Applications of Gender Equality Principles in Costa Rican Labor Law......Page 131
Equality Principles in the Sphere of Sexuality and Reproductive Choice......Page 134
CONCLUSION......Page 138
Suggested Readings......Page 139
5 Constituting Women......Page 140
PART 1: LEGAL UNIVERSALISM......Page 142
Revolutionary Symbol......Page 143
Legal Framework......Page 144
The Relevant Constitutional Provisions and Principles......Page 145
The Complex Implementation of Gender Politics......Page 146
PART 2: PARITY, A MODERN FORM OF UNIVERSALISM OR THE GRADUAL ABANDONING OF THE UNIVERSALIST IDEAL?......Page 151
Correcting the Endemic Underrepresentation of Women within the Political Sphere......Page 152
Learning from Failure......Page 153
Rethinking the Idea of Affirmative Action......Page 155
Legal and Constitutional Reforms......Page 156
Parity: Representativeness within, or Contrary to, the Principle of Universalism?......Page 161
PART 3: FRENCH UNIVERSALISM IN THE FACE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW......Page 162
Suggested Readings......Page 166
6 Gender in the German Constitution......Page 167
ARTICLE 3 AND THE RIGHT TO EQUALITY......Page 169
AFFIRMATIVE ACTION......Page 174
Marrying Equality and the Family......Page 178
The Constitution and the Housewife Family Model......Page 179
Taxing the Family......Page 181
The Man in the Family......Page 184
ABORTION......Page 186
CONCLUSION......Page 190
Suggested Readings......Page 191
I. THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE INDIAN DEMOCRACY......Page 192
II. EQUALITY AND NONDISCRIMINATION......Page 196
Divorce......Page 198
Restitution of Conjugal Rights......Page 199
Property and Succession......Page 200
Employment......Page 201
III. POLITICAL PARTICIPATION: RESERVATIONS FOR WOMEN......Page 203
IV. SEX EQUALITY AND PERSONAL LAWS......Page 206
V. PRIVACY AND EQUALITY......Page 210
VI. THE RIGHT TO PETITION......Page 215
VII. RAPE AS CONSTITUTIONAL VIOLATION......Page 216
VIII. EDUCATION......Page 218
IX. ASPIRATION AND REALITY......Page 220
Suggested Readings......Page 221
8 Constitutional Transformation, Gender Equality, and Religious/National Conflict in Israel......Page 223
THE RELEVANT CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK......Page 224
Rights and Realities......Page 226
Gender Equality and the Sameness Principle......Page 228
Women’s Rights as Members of Non-Orthodox Branches of Judaism......Page 232
Gender Equality and Preferential Treatment......Page 233
Domestic Violence, Sexual Harassment, and Heightened Protection for Women......Page 234
Abortion and Reproductive Freedom......Page 236
Religious Courts, Legal Pluralism, and Women’s Rights......Page 238
Group Identity versus Individual Rights......Page 242
CONCLUSION......Page 245
Suggested Readings......Page 247
9 “No Nation Can Be Free When One Half of It Is Enslaved”......Page 248
I. THE SOUTH AFRICAN CONSTITUTION AND GENDER EQUALITY......Page 249
The Bill of Rights......Page 251
Commission for Gender Equality......Page 253
II. INSTITUTIONS TO ADVANCE GENDER EQUALITY......Page 254
III. SECURING GENDER EQUALITY THROUGH LEGISLATION AND POLICY......Page 256
IV. GENDER EQUALITY IN THE COURTS......Page 259
V. GENDER AND CUSTOMARY LAW......Page 268
VI. CONCLUSION......Page 272
Suggested Readings......Page 273
10 Engendering the Constitution......Page 274
THE GENDER OF THE CONSTITUTION AND ITS ACTORS......Page 275
THE SPANISH CONSTITUTIONAL COURT’S DOCTRINE ON GENDER DISCRIMINATION......Page 277
Discrimination in the Workplace......Page 279
Privacy in the Workplace: Conceptualizing Sexual Harassment......Page 281
WOMEN AND THE ORDER OF SUCCESSION TO NOBILITY TITLES: THE VALUE OF SYMBOLS......Page 285
WOMEN AS MOTHERS AND SPOUSES......Page 287
WOMEN’S REPRODUCTIVE FREEDOM......Page 289
SEXISM IN THE MEDIA AND COMMERCIALIZATION OF THE FEMALE BODY......Page 290
CONCLUSION......Page 293
Suggested Readings......Page 295
The Modernization Project of Turkey and the Identity of Women as Political Agents......Page 296
Historical Background of the Constitutional Order......Page 298
In General......Page 299
Gender Equality in the Constitution of 1982, and the New Constitutional Amendment of 2001......Page 300
Gender Equality in Constitutional Jurisprudence......Page 301
CONCLUSION......Page 318
Books......Page 322
Online Resources......Page 323
12 Gender and the United States Constitution......Page 324
THE EQUAL CITIZENSHIP GUARANTEE: HOW STRUGGLES OVER RACE EQUALITY HAVE SHAPED AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW GOVERNING SEX EQUALITY......Page 325
THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF MODERN EQUAL PROTECTION DOCTRINE UNDER THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT......Page 327
Strict Scrutiny for Race-Based State Action......Page 328
Comparing Equal Protection Cases Concerning Race and Sex Discrimination......Page 331
Cases Where the Court Allows Sex-Differentiated Regulation......Page 336
CONSTITUTIONAL PROTECTIONS FOR ABORTION AND CONTRACEPTION AS RIGHTS OF PRIVACY......Page 341
Roe and the Early Abortion Decisions......Page 342
Reframing the Abortion Right: Casey, Sex Equality, and Unborn Life......Page 343
CONCLUSION: REFLECTIONS ON HOW MODERN AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW UNDERMINES AND PRESERVES GENDER INEQUALITY IN THE FAMILY......Page 346
Articles......Page 349
Index......Page 351