The Fundamentals and Applications of Light-Emitting Diodes: The Revolution in the Lighting Industry (Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials)

Cover
The Fundamentals and Applications of Light-Emitting Diodes
Copyright
Part One: Fundamentals
1 - Introduction to luminescence
	1.1 Characteristics and quality of light
	1.2 Conceptual background of luminescence
	1.3 Luminescence mechanisms
		1.3.1 Photoluminescence
			1.3.1.1 Intrinsic luminescence
			1.3.1.2 Extrinsic luminescence
		1.3.2 Electroluminescence
	1.4 Luminescence from rare-earth ions and transition metal ions
		1.4.1 Rare-earth ions
			1.4.1.1 4f–4f transition
			1.4.1.2 4f–5d transition
		1.4.2 Transition metal ions
	1.5 Historical background
		1.5.1 The advent of light
		1.5.2 The first generation of lighting
		1.5.3 The second generation of lighting
		1.5.4 The third generation of lighting
		1.5.5 The fourth generation of lighting
	1.6 Conclusions
	References
2 - Fundamentals of LEDs
	2.1 Overview of LEDs
	2.2 Merits and opportunities
	2.3 Considerations while using LEDs
	2.4 Semiconductor physics of LEDs
		2.4.1 General construction
		2.4.2 Working principle
	2.5 Device fabrication
		2.5.1 Substrate materials
		2.5.2 Packaging materials
		2.5.3 Phosphors or quantum dots
		2.5.4 Encapsulation materials
		2.5.5 Luminaires
	2.6 Characteristics of LED phosphors
		2.6.1 Temperature quenching
		2.6.2 Luminous efficacy
		2.6.3 Color rendering index
		2.6.4 CIE chromaticity coordinates
		2.6.5 Correlated color temperature
		2.6.6 Quantum efficiency
		2.6.7 Life span
	2.7 Concluding remarks
	References
Part Two: Materials
3 - Semiconductor LEDs
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Growth techniques
		3.2.1 Liquid-phase epitaxy
		3.2.2 Vapor-phase epitaxy
		3.2.3 Molecular beam epitaxy
		3.2.4 Metal–organic chemical vapor deposition
	3.3 Semiconductor materials for light-emitting diodes
		3.3.1 III-arsenides
		3.3.2 III-phosphides
		3.3.3 III-nitrides
	3.4 Conclusions
	References
4 - Phosphor-converted LEDs
	4.1 Phosphor
	4.2 Dopant and its types
		4.2.1 Activator
		4.2.2 Coactivator
		4.2.3 Sensitizer
	4.3 Synthesis of inorganic phosphors
		4.3.1 Solid-state diffusion
		4.3.2 Sol–gel/Pechini
		4.3.3 Combustion synthesis
		4.3.4 Precipitation method
		4.3.5 Solvothermal method
		4.3.6 Microwave-assisted method
		4.3.7 Sonochemical synthesis
		4.3.8 Template-assisted method
		4.3.9 Laser ablation
		4.3.10 Spray pyrolysis
		4.3.11 Microemulsions
		4.3.12 Vapor deposition
		4.3.13 Colloidal route
	4.4 Red/orange-emitting phosphors
	4.5 Yellow-emitting phosphors
	4.6 Green-emitting phosphors
	4.7 Blue-emitting phosphors
	4.8 White-emitting phosphors
	4.9 Color-tunable phosphors
	4.10 Conclusions
	References
5 -  Advanced variants of LEDs
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 MicroLEDs
	5.3 Organic light-emitting diodes
	5.4 Quantum dot light-emitting diodes
	5.5 Perovskite light-emitting diodes
	5.6 BioLEDs
	5.7 Conclusions
	References
Part Three: Applications
6 - General lighting
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Light-emitting diodes for lighting applications
		6.2.1 Interior lighting
		6.2.2 Street lighting
		6.2.3 Automobile lighting
	6.3 Advantages of light-emitting diode lighting
	6.4 Innovations in light-emitting diode lighting
	6.5 Conclusions
	References
7 - Digital communications and display devices
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Digital communications
		7.2.1 Evolution of light-emitting diode technology for communication
		7.2.2 Future prospects
	7.3 Display technology
		7.3.1 Advancement in display devices
		7.3.2 Current and future prospects in display technology
	7.4 Conclusions
	References
8 - Biomedical applications
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Skin rejuvenation
	8.3 Photodynamic therapy
	8.4 Cure for mental disorders
	8.5 Cure for other disorders
	8.6 Food safety
	8.7 Other health and environmental benefits
	8.8 Conclusions
	References
9 - Horticultural applications
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Plant’s response to light
	9.3 Light-emitting diode versus other types of grow-lights
		9.3.1 Incandescent lamps
		9.3.2 Fluorescent lamps
		9.3.3 High intensity discharge
		9.3.4 Metal halide
		9.3.5 High-pressure sodium
		9.3.6 Plasma
		9.3.7 Induction light
	9.4 Light-emitting diodes in horticulture
	9.5 Significance of light-emitting diode grow-lights
	9.6 Current market scenario
	9.7 Conclusions
	References
10 -  Current trends and innovations
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Overview on the past and present trends in LEDs
	10.3 Innovations in the structure and designing of LEDs
	10.4 Innovations in the applications of LEDs
	10.5 Innovations in fashion
	10.6 Current scenario of LED market
	10.7 Limitations and challenges
	10.8 Future prospects and scope
	10.9 Conclusions
	References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	V
	W
	Y
	Z
Back Cover