The Frontal Lobes: Development, Function and Pathology

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 4
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 8
From the series editor......Page 10
Introduction......Page 12
2 Early history of human evolution and \"the creative explosion\"......Page 16
3 Disadvantages of possessing a big brain......Page 19
4 Do humans have larger frontal lobes than other primates?......Page 20
5 Evolutionary advantages of the big brain with its advanced frontal lobes......Page 22
6 Language evolution......Page 24
7 When and how did human higher intellectual functions evolve?......Page 25
8 Genetic changes during the evolution of the human brain......Page 26
9 Evolutionary aspects on schizophrenia and ADHD......Page 28
REFERENCES......Page 31
1 Overview......Page 36
2 Modality specificity of projections to distinct prefrontal cortices......Page 39
3.1 Lateral prefrontal cortices have a role in working memory......Page 43
3.2 Medial prefrontal cortices are affiliated with structures with a role in long-term memory......Page 44
3.3 Orbitofrontal areas are connected with the amygdala associated with emotional memory......Page 46
3.4 Connections underlie the specialization of prefrontal cortices in behavior......Page 47
4 The laminar organization of connections is linked to cortical structure......Page 49
4.1 Comparison with other models......Page 55
4.2 Excitatory and inhibitory interactions within the laminar microenvironment of connections......Page 56
5.1 All prefrontal areas have a special connectional association with the basal ganglia......Page 58
5.2 Distinct prefrontal areas are connected with specialized motor systems......Page 59
6 Synergistic action of prefrontal cortices in behavior......Page 63
7 Differential vulnerability of distinct prefrontal sectors in neurologic and psychiatric diseases......Page 65
8 Specification of cortical types in development......Page 68
9 Conclusion......Page 69
REFERENCES......Page 70
1 Introduction......Page 84
2 Biology, structure, and evolution of the PFC......Page 85
3 Representation versus processing......Page 87
4 Adaptive coding model......Page 88
5 Attentional control model......Page 89
7 Structured event complex framework......Page 91
8 Guided activation theory......Page 92
9 Somatic marker hypothesis......Page 94
10 Temporal organization model......Page 95
11 Working memory model......Page 96
12 Summary and conclusions......Page 97
REFERENCES......Page 100
1 Introduction......Page 107
2 Mnemonic persistent neural activity......Page 109
3 A biophysically based model of working memory......Page 112
4 Excitation-inhibition balance......Page 115
5 The importance of being slow: role of NMDA receptors......Page 118
6 Stimulus selectivity and resistance against distractors......Page 119
7 Decision-making......Page 124
8 Distinct features of prefrontal microcircuitry......Page 125
9 Insights into prefrontal dysfunction in schizophrenia......Page 130
10 Concluding remarks......Page 132
Acknowledgments......Page 133
REFERENCES......Page 134
1 Introduction......Page 143
2 History of studies of prefrontal cortex function......Page 144
3 Prefrontal functional model......Page 147
4 Prefrontal cortex development......Page 148
4.2 Longitudinal quantified MRI studies......Page 149
4.4 Phenylketonuria......Page 150
4.6 Cerebellar lesions......Page 151
5.1 Working memory and inhibitory control......Page 153
5.1.2 Atypical development......Page 154
5.1.3 Neuroimaging correlates......Page 155
6.1.2 Atypical development......Page 156
6.3.1 Typical development......Page 157
7.1 Metacognition......Page 158
7.2.1 Typical development......Page 159
7.3.2 Atypical development......Page 160
8.1.2 Atypical development......Page 161
8.3 Emotion messaging......Page 162
9 Prefrontal cortex lesions, personality and psychosocial function......Page 163
10 Modeling developmental frontal lobe functions......Page 164
11 Conclusion......Page 165
REFERENCES......Page 166
1 Introduction......Page 178
2 Phineas Gage......Page 180
3 Patient K.M.......Page 183
4 More recent \"classics\": patient E.V.R.......Page 185
5 More recent \"classics\": imitation, utilization, and environmental dependency......Page 186
6 Early prefrontal injury......Page 188
7 Concluding remarks......Page 189
REFERENCES......Page 190
2 Memory systems and effects of focal lesions......Page 193
3 Functional imaging of episodic memory in healthy populations......Page 197
4 Semantic processing and prefrontal function during episodic memory......Page 199
5 Effect of schizophrenia on semantic processing, episodic memory and prefrontal function......Page 202
6 Concluding remarks......Page 207
REFERENCES......Page 208
1 Introduction......Page 214
3 The relationship between symptoms and brain changes......Page 215
4.1 Neuropathological characteristics......Page 217
4.2 Clinical characteristics......Page 219
4.3 Case history: a female patient with FTD......Page 225
4.4 Clinical characteristics of MNDD......Page 226
5.2 Clinical characteristics......Page 227
6.2 Clinical characteristics......Page 228
7.2 Clinical characteristics......Page 229
8 Conclusions......Page 230
REFERENCES......Page 231
Index......Page 237