The Foundations of Ethnic Politics: Separatism of States and Nations in Eurasia and the World

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 5
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Contents......Page 9
Acknowledgments......Page 11
Note on Transliteration......Page 15
1 Introduction......Page 17
PART I THEORY WITH WORLDWIDE EXAMPLES......Page 27
2 The Need for a Microfoundational......Page 29
Hard Ethnicity-as-Conflictual Theories: Relative Values......Page 32
Soft Ethnicity-as-Conflictual Theories: Absolute Values......Page 36
Ultrasoft Ethnicity-as-Conflictual Theories: Constructed Values......Page 38
Ethnicity-as-epiphenomenal Theories......Page 41
Conclusion: Moving Beyond Utility Maximization as a Microlevel Theory of Ethnicity......Page 46
3 A Relational Theory......Page 49
Identity and the Fundamental Human Drive for Uncertainty Reduction......Page 50
Why Some Aspects of Identity Are More Useful for Uncertainty Reduction than Others......Page 52
The Situational Essence of Identity as an Uncertainty-Reduction Device......Page 54
Explaining Ethnicity as an Especially Useful Uncertainty-Reducing Device......Page 56
Ethnicity as Conceptually Prior to Utility Seeking and Emotional Behavior......Page 63
Functionalism and Consistency with a Theory of Human Evolution......Page 67
Beyond Uncertainty Reduction: Ethnic Politics as the Realm of \"Ordinary\" Interests......Page 68
Conclusion......Page 71
4 A Theory of National Separatism in Domestic and Interstate Politics......Page 73
Ethnicity-as-Conflictual Theories of Separatism......Page 74
Ethnicity-as-Epiphenomenal Theories of Separatism......Page 76
A Behavioral Assumption: The Maximization of Life Chances......Page 78
Collective Action Problems, Separatist Politics, and Ethnofederalism......Page 79
The Basic Secession Game......Page 81
The Center\'s Preferences and Types of Central Governments......Page 83
The Region\'s Preferences......Page 85
Implications: The Sources of Separatism and Variation in It......Page 88
Ethnicity and Variation in Separatism Over Time and Space......Page 92
Ethnicity......Page 93
Central State Policies......Page 96
Framing......Page 98
Institutionally Mediated Interests......Page 100
International Relations Versus Domestic Politics......Page 103
Conclusion......Page 104
PART II CASE COMPARISONS......Page 107
5 Ethnicity......Page 109
Life Chances and National Identification in the USSR......Page 110
Rejecting the Pure National Consciousness Explanation: Ukraine and Uzbekistan......Page 115
Ukraine in the USSR......Page 116
Uzbekistan in the USSR......Page 119
The Insufficiency of National Consciousness......Page 122
Rejecting Ethnicity-as-epiphenomenal Theories of Separatism: Russia and Belarus......Page 123
The Russian Republic (RSFSR)......Page 124
Belarus......Page 130
Conclusion......Page 132
6 Central State Policies and Separatism......Page 135
The Unilateral Period: March 1985 May 1990......Page 136
The Bilateral Period: June 1990 March 1991......Page 141
The Multilateral Period: April August 1991......Page 145
The Period Of Central Strategy Collapse: August December 1991......Page 149
Taking Stock: Ruling Out Alternative Theories and Posing a Remaining Puzzle......Page 153
7 Framing......Page 156
The Complexity of the Union Issue......Page 157
Gorbachev and the March 1991 Referendum......Page 158
Ukraine: From \"Union\" to \"Independence\"......Page 160
Competing Frames and the March 1991 Referenda......Page 161
Framing the Shift to Independence......Page 163
Supporting Evidence: Elections, Surveys, Insider Testimony......Page 166
Uzbekistan: Framing Unionism......Page 170
Conclusion: Explaining Frames?......Page 173
8 Institutionally Mediated Interests......Page 177
The Relationship Between Elite and Mass Material Interests in Ukraine and Uzbekistan......Page 179
Determining Economic Interests in Union and Secession......Page 184
Ukraine: The Politics of Secession in a Relatively Developed Republic......Page 188
The 1990 Election Campaign......Page 189
The Impact of the 1990 Rada Elections......Page 191
Kravchuk\'s Shift to a Secession-Facilitating Frame......Page 196
Uzbekistan: The Politics of Union in a Less-Developed Republic......Page 197
Gaining Autonomy......Page 199
Obtaining Subsidies......Page 200
Preserving Union Ties......Page 201
Denouement: The Coup and the Fall of 1991......Page 202
Conclusion......Page 204
9 Ethnicity and International Integration......Page 206
Patterns of Separatism in the Emerging CIS......Page 208
Ukraine: Ethnicity, Economics, and CIS Skepticism......Page 215
Ukrainian Elite and Mass Opinion on the CIS......Page 216
Toward a Civilized Divorce......Page 219
Ukraine and Europe......Page 221
Uzbekistan and the Early CIS: Autonomy, Subsidies, and Economic Ties......Page 222
Uzbekistan\'s Shifts in 1996 and 2005......Page 225
Conclusion......Page 227
10 Quantitative Evidence......Page 232
Ethnicity-as-Conflictual Theory......Page 233
The Relational Theory of Ethnicity and Separatism......Page 234
Measuring Secessionism......Page 235
The Statistical Model and Interpretation......Page 236
Findings: Correlates of Macrolevel Secessionism......Page 237
individual attitudes to separatism: a multilevel analysis......Page 241
The Variables: Dependent and Independent......Page 242
The Statistical Model and How to Interpret It......Page 243
Findings......Page 244
Ethnicity, Interests, and Separatist Attitudes: A Microlevel Analysis......Page 245
The Dependent Variable and Statistical Model......Page 246
Findings: Correlates of Microlevel Separatism......Page 247
Conclusion......Page 252
PART III CONCLUSION......Page 255
The Balance of Evidence......Page 257
Worldwide Patterns of Separatism......Page 263
Extracting a Third Core Argument: A General Theory of Ethnic Conflict?......Page 269
Multiethnic State Failure......Page 270
The Failure or Nonoccurrence of International Integration Projects......Page 272
Deadly Violence within and between States......Page 273
Implications for Policy: Finding Solutions to Ethnic Conflict......Page 278
Index......Page 281