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ویرایش:
نویسندگان: Drummer. Olaf H
سری:
ISBN (شابک) : 0340762578
ناشر: London ; New York : Arnold ; New York : Oxford University Press [Distributor]
سال نشر: 2001
تعداد صفحات: 802
زبان: English
فرمت فایل : EPUB (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود)
حجم فایل: 5 Mb
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب The forensic pharmacology of drugs of abuse به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب فارماکولوژی قانونی مواد مخدر نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
یک کار مرجع به خوبی ساختارمند که پنج دسته اصلی مواد مخدر سوء مصرف را بررسی می کند که در کار پزشکی قانونی نقش برجسته ای دارند: الکل، بنزودیازپین ها، مواد افیونی از جمله هروئین، محرک ها از جمله آمفتامین ها و کوکائین، و حشیش. این مقاله با مقدمه ای بر کلاس های دارویی، راهنمای عملی جمع آوری نمونه، توضیح مفاهیم و اندازه گیری های فارماکوکینتیک، تکنیک های مورد استفاده برای تجزیه و تحلیل داروها و اهمیت مفاهیم تحمل و تجزیه و تحلیل وابستگی آغاز می شود. سپس هفت بخش برای هر کلاس دارویی شامل نامگذاری و منبع (قانونی و غیرقانونی)، فارماکوکینتیک و متابولیسم، روش های تحلیلی برای تشخیص در مایعات بیولوژیکی، اثرات مورد انتظار و نامطلوب در انسان، مسائل تحمل و وابستگی، و در نهایت سم شناسی وجود دارد.
A well structured reference work reviewing the five main classes of drugs of abuse that figure prominently in forensic work: alcohol, the benzodiazepines, the opioids including heroin, the stimulants including amphetamines and cocaine, and cannabis. It begins with an introduction to drug classes, a practical guide to specimen collection, explanation of pharmacokinetic concepts and measurements, techniques used to analyse drugs and the importance of the concepts of tolerance and dependence analysis. There are then seven sections for each drug class covering nomenclature and source (legal and illegal), pharmacokinetics and metabolism, analytical methods for detection in biological fluids, expected and adverse effects in humans, issues of tolerance and dependence, and finally toxicology.
Foreword xii Preface xiii Acknowledgements xiv Abbreviations xv Definitions and glossary xvi I INTRODUCTORY ASPECTS OF DRUG ACTIONS I 1.1 General introduction 2 Use of drugs in the general community 2 Prevalence of drugs in sudden death 2 Manufacture and production of psychoactive drugs 3 Psychoactive substances 4 Alcohol 5 Opioids 6Cannabis 6 The sedatives and hypnotics 6 Amphetamines, cocaine and other abused stimulants 7 Other drugs of abuse 7 Focus of this book 7 1.2 Specimens and specimen collection procedures 9 Specimens and their relative merits 9 1.3 Analysis and measurement 17 Cut-off levels and approved assays 17 Validation and uncertainty 18 Quality assurance 21 1.4 Pharmacokinetics and duration of action 22 Absorption and bioavailability 22 Volume of distribution 23 Clearance 25 Half-life 25 Metabolism 27 Excretion 28 Duration of action 29 Metabolic interactions 3 I  Pharmacokinetics in the elderly 32Pharmacokinetics in disease states 33 Pharmacokinetics in obesity 33 Pharmacokinetics in children 34 Effect of blood loss and blood replacements 34 1.5 Tolerance and dependence 36 Defining drug dependency 36 Tolerance 37 Side effects and adverse reactions 37 1.6 Toxicology 38 Chemical instability 38 Metabolic changes 38 Postmortem redistribution 39 Other processes 41 Interpretation of toxicological information 41 References for Section I 43 2 STIMULANTS 49 Foreword 50 2.1 Classification and sources of stimulants 52 Historical aspects 52 Structures and sources of amphetamine-like stimulants 54 Synopsis 59 2.2 Pharmacokinetics and duration of action 60Metabolism 60 Absorption and half-life 62 Half-life 67 Excretion and urine detection times 68 Synopsis 69 2.3 Mechanisms of action 71 Amphetamines 71 Cocaine 72 Synopsis 72 2.4 Pharmacological actions and therapeutics 74 Amphetamines and related stimulants 74 Cocaine 76 Medical uses of stimulants 77 Synopsis 77 2.5 Adverse reactions, tolerance and dependence 79 Abuse potential 79 Adverse reactions 79 Tolerance 80 Dependence and abstinence 81 Synopsis 82 2.6 Toxicology 83 Prevalence in forensic cases 83 Toxicology and pathology of stimulants 84 Toxicology and pathology of cocaine 89 Redistribution 91 2.7 Tissue concentrations 91 Synopsis 91 Case reports 93 Case Report 2.1 Amphetamine- and cocaine induced self-defence 93 Case Report 2.2 Speed and violence 93 Case Report 2.3 Rave to the grave 94 Case Report 2.4 Amphetamine-induced fatigue 94 Case Report 2.5 Cocaine intoxication leading to death 94 Case Report 2.6 Detection of amphetamine use at the workplace 95 References for Section 2 96 Benzodiazepines and other related drugs 103 Foreward 104 3.1 Source and structures 105 Structural features of benzodiazepines 105 Classification of benzodiazepines 110 Other related anxiolytics and hypnotics 111 Synopsis 114 3.2 Pharmacokinetics and duration of action 116 Absorption and bioavailability 116 Routes of metabolism 119 Enzyme systems involved in metabolism 121 Excretion 121 Duration of action 123 Metabolic interactions 124 Pharmacokinetics in various physiological states 126 Synopsis 129 3.3 Mechanisms of action 130 Benzodiazepines 130 Barbiturates 132 Zolpidem and the imidazopyridines 132 Redistribution 91 3.4 Pharmacological actions and therapeutics * 34 Indications for benzodiazepines * 34 Other hypnotics and sedatives * 36 Benzodiazepines in the elderly 137 Non-medical uses of sedatives * 38 Therapeutics *38 Synopsis *40 3.5 Adverse reactions and tolerance *41 Benzodiazepines *41 Effect on memory and cognitive functions 142 Other anxiolytics *46 Effect on driving 146 Drug interactions 147 Tolerance and dependence 147 Barbiturates 149 Buspirone, zolpidem and zopiclone 149 Synopsis 149 3.6 Toxicology 151 Use of benzodiazepines by drug users 15 I Toxic reactions to benzodiazepines 15 IToxic reactions to barbiturates 157 Toxic reactions to zolpidem 157 Toxic reactions to zopiclone 159 Tissue distribution of sedatives I 59 Synopsis 161 3.7 Case reports 163 Case Report 3.1 Negative drug result 163 Case Report 3.2 Paradoxical reaction to benzodiazepines 163 Case Report 3.3 Behavioural aggression 164 Case Report 3.4 Sexual and aggressive fantasies 164 Case Report 3.5 Sexual disinhibition due to benzodiazepines 165 Case Report 3.6 Death due to flunitrazepam 165 References for Section 3 166 4 CANNABIS 177 Foreword 178 4.1 Source and structures of cannabinoids 179 Historical aspects and synonyms 179 Cannabis species 179 Active constituents of Cannabis sativa \ 80 Cannabis products lg| Other substances with THC-like activity 181 Synopsis | 824.2 Pharmacokinetics and duration of action 183 Absorption and bioavailability 183 Prediction of time of administration 186 Metabolism and biological activity of metabolites 186 Excretion Igg Duration of action I g 9 Alternative sources of cannabinoids 194 Nabilone: a synthetic cannabinoid 195 Synopsis 195 4.3 Mechanisms of action 197 4.4 Pharmacological actions and therapeutics 198 Acute physiological effects |98 Acute behavioural changes 198 Chronic and adverse health effects 200 Medical uses 201 Synopsis 202 4.5 Tolerance and dependence 203 Tolerance 203 Dependence 203 Synopsis 204 4.6 Toxicology 205 Prevalence of THC in forensic cases 205Contribution of cannabis use to death 205 Contribution to motor vehicle accidents 206 Impairing blood concentrations of THC 207 Synopsis 207 4.7 Case reports 209 Case Report 4.1 Proof of cannabis use 209 Case Report 4.2 THC back calculation 209 Case Report 4.3 Cannabis intoxication while driving - I 210Case Report 4.4 Cannabis intoxication while driving - 2 211References for Section 4 212 5 OPIOIDS 219 Foreword 220 5.1 Source and structures 221 Sources of opioids 221 Structural features 222 Synopsis 224 5.2 Pharmacokinetics and duration of action 225 Absorption and bioavailability 225 Pharmacokinetics in various physiological states 230 Pharmacokinetic profiles of selected opioids 23 ISynopsis 237 5.3 Mechanisms of action 238 Mu-opioid receptor 238 Delta-opioid receptor 238 Kappa-opioid receptor 239 Other actions 239 Synopsis 239 5.4 Pharmacological actions and therapeutics 241 Uses of opioids 241 Side effects of opioids 242 Non-medical uses of opioids 244 Therapeutics 244 Synopsis 245 5.5 Adverse reactions and dependence 246 Dependence and tolerance 246 Withdrawal symptoms 246 Important drug interactions 247 Synopsis 248 5.6 Toxicology 249 Heroin and morphine 249 Other opioids 253 Toxic concentrations of opioids 258Distinguishing source of opioid from urine profile 258 Ingestion of poppy seeds and morphine excretion 259 Synopsis 260 5.7 Case reports 261 Case Report 5.1 Occupational drug testing 261 Case Report 5.2 Acute heroin death 261 Case Report 5.3 Delayed heroin death 262 Case Report 5.4 Methadone death 263 265 References for Section 5 6 ETHANOL 273 Foreword 274 6.1 Types and sources of alcohol 275 Structures of alcohols 275 Physical properties of alcohols 275 Historical aspects and source 276 Alcoholic content of beverages 276 Alcoholic content of commercial products 277 Synopsis 277 6.2 Pharmacokinetics, metabolism and duration of action 278 Absorption 278 Metabolism 281Excretion and detection times 284 Drugs affecting absorption and elimination 285 Markers of alcohol consumption 286 Duration of action 287 Effects of alcohol on drug pharmacokinetics 287 Synopsis 289 6.3 Mechanisms of action 290 CNS mechanisms 290 Peripheral mechanisms 291 Synopsis 291 6.4 Pharmacological actions and therapeutics 292 CNS effects 292 Cardiovascular system 293 Liver and gastrointestinal system 293 Other effects 294 Therapeutic uses of ethanol 295 Synopsis 296 6.5 Adverse reactions, tolerance and dependence 297 Abuse potential 297 Adverse reactions 297 Tolerance 298 Dependence and abstinence 298Synopsis 299 6.6 Toxicology 300 Prevalence in forensic cases 300 Fermentation 301 Collection artefacts 301 Contents Redistribution and diffusion 301 Tissue concentrations 302 Toxicology and pathology of ethanol 305 Adverse drug interactions 307 Synopsis 307 6.7 Case reports 309 Case Report 6 .1 Alcohol read-back I 309 Case Report 6.2 Alcohol read-back 2 310 Case Report 6.3 Alcohol and homicide 3 I I Case Report 6.4 Alcohol and putrefaction 3 I I References for Section 6 313 7 OTHER DRUGS OF ABUSE 321 Foreword 322 7.1 LSD 323 Source and structures 323 Tissue concentrations, metabolism and excretion 323Mechanism of action 324 Pharmacological actions and adverse reactions 324 Toxicity 324 7.2 Phencyclidine and related hallucinogens 326 Mechanism of action 326 Pharmacological actions and adverse reactions 327 Tissue concentrations, metabolism and excretion 327 Toxicity 328 7.3 Gamma-hydroxy butyrate 329 Tissue concentrations, metabolism and excretion 329 Pharmacological actions and adverse reactions 329 Mechanism of action 330 Toxicity 330 7.4 Volatile substances 331 Types of volatile substances 33 | Tissue concentration, metabolism and excretion 332 Mechanism and frequency of use 332 Pharmacological actions and adverse effects 332 7.5 Case reports 334 Case Report 7.1 PCP and violent behaviour leading to death 334 Contents Case Report 7.2 Driving while intoxicated with GHB 334Case Report 7.3 GHB withdrawal 334 Case Report 7.4 GHB intoxication 335 References for Section 7 335 8 CLINICAL FORENSIC ASPECTS OF DRUG USE 339 Foreword 340 8.1 Reasons for a forensic medical examination 341 8.2 Health status of drug users 344 8.3 Principles of an examination scheme for drug-affected persons 345 Obtaining a history 345 The examination 345 8.4 Clinical forensic opinions 348 8.5 Common drug effects seen in clinical medicine 349 Stimulants 349 Benzodiazepines 351 Cannabis 353 Opioids 354 Alcohol 357 8.6 Case reports 360 Case Report 8 .1 Fitness for interview 360 Case Report 8.2 Drug-affected driving and doctor shopping 360 Case Report 8.3 Benzodiazepine overdose 362 Case Report 8.4 Methadone toxicity 363Case Report 8.5 Alcohol intoxication 364 References for Section 8 365 APPENDIX - MONOGRAPHS OF SELECTED DRUGS 367 Explanations to monographs 368 Stimulants 369 Benzodiazepines 382 Other sedatives and anxiolytics 406 Opioids and related drugs 413 Other monographs 435 References for Appendix 442 Index 451