the FLOWERING OF AUSTRALIA'S RAINFORESTS : pollination ecology and plant evolution.

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Acknowledgments
Preface
Introduction
1 Categorising rainforest plants
	The dawning of vascular plants, and those that are dead
	Living vascular plants
	Pollination of cycads and the dichotomy of contention
	Heat production and odour emission in cycads
	Australian conifers and their problem of pollination
	Pollen feeders of Araucariaceae
2 Rise of the angiosperms, and archaic vascular plants in Australia’s rainforests
	Archaic Australian rainforest angiosperms
	Development of the ancestral angiosperm flower
	Chemical warfare and the evolution of flowers
3 Being a flower
	Influence of flower colour, fragrance and structure
	Ultraviolet light and perception of flower colours
	Floral rewards and the composition of nectar
	Heat production in angiosperms
	Flowering plants as breeding sites for pollinators
	Attraction of the comely shape: orchid flowers and barren illusion
	Flowering plants that mimic death
	Deciduousness and its benefits to pollination
4 Introduction to breeding systems
	Influence of breeding systems
	Apomixis and coppicing: life without sex
	Dioecy: separation as an example of obligate out-crossing
	Protogyny and protandry: segregation of sexual function
Colour plates
5 Spatial and temporal structure of rainforest: general mechanisms that influence pollination and reproductive ecology
	Phenology: recurrence of the flowering phenomenon
	Length of flowering life
	Forest strata and synusiae
6 Australian vegetation history and its influence on plant–pollinator relationships
	Plant–pollinator interactions
	Factors affecting movement and recruitment of pollinators
	Pollination of sparsely flowering species
	Pollination of mass-flowering species
	Sharing of pollinators: the ‘guild’ concept
7 Pollination and the Australian flora
	Pollination in Australian Myrtaceae
8 Pollination syndromes: who brings the ‘flower children’ in rainforest?
	Wind pollination in flowering plants and the ballistic release of pollen
	Pollen sculpture in subtropical rainforest plants: is wind pollination more common than suspected?
	General entomophily: pollination by the small and the many
	Pollination by beetles (cantharophily)
	Pollination by Diptera (myophily and sapromyophily)
	Pollination by Hymenoptera
	Pollination by wasps (sphecophily)
	Pollination by ants (myrmecophily)
	Pollination by bees (melittophily)
	Pollination by Lepidoptera (butterflies – psychophily, moths – phalaenophily)
	Pollination by miscellaneous insects and other invertebrate groups, especially thrips
	Pollination by birds (ornithophily)
	Pollination by fruit-bats, flying-foxes and blossom-bats (chiropterophily)
	Pollination by non-flying mammals
	Pollination by reptiles (saurophily)
9 Pollination ecology of Australian subtropical rainforests: implications for the conservation of remnant communities
	Background
	Impacts of fragmentation and conservation of remnants
	Further contributions to the dark side: fragmentation and risks to plant breeding systems
Appendix 1. Case studies of pollination in the Australian rainforest flora
	Case 1. The forest floor: mixed hover-fly (Syrphidae) and bee pollination in Pollia crispata (adapted from Williams and Walker 2003)
	Case 2. The forest subcanopy: bee pollination and buzz-collection of pollen in the threatened Australian shrub Senna acclinis (adapted from G. Williams 1998)
	Case 3. The forest subcanopy: vertebrate–invertebrate pollinator plasticity in the Australian tropical rainforest tree Syzygium cormiflorum
	Case 4. The forest canopy: pollination of the rainforest pioneer tree Alphitonia excelsa (adapted from Williams and Adam 2001)
	Case 5. A rainforest tree nearly too far away: Grevillea robusta
	Case 6. Littoral rainforest: breeding systems and flowering periods in an endangered maritime-associated ecosystem
Appendix 2. Large insects and their place in the scheme of things
	Pollen loads carried by large insects in Australian rainforests
	Examples of large pollen-carrying insect taxa
	Summary
Appendix 3. Generalised pollen groups based on exine sculpture
Appendix 4. Captions to photographs
Appendix 5. Divisions of geologic time
Glossary
Bibliography
Index