The Fertile Crescent, 1800-1914: A Documentary Economic History (Studies in Middle Eastern History)

Contents......Page 10
Abbreviations and Symbols......Page 16
I: The Fertile Crescent in the Middle Eastern Economy......Page 20
II: General and Social Developments......Page 26
1. Syria under Egyptian Rule, 1831–1840......Page 56
2. The Costs of Civil Strife, 1845–1860......Page 62
3. Peasant Uprisings in Lebanon, 1840s–1850s......Page 65
4. Cholera, 1865......Page 68
5. Education in Lebanon, 1869......Page 71
6. Working-Class Conditions, 1838, 1873......Page 72
7. Problems of Development of Syria, 1878......Page 73
8. Tribes in the Syrian Desert, 1880......Page 76
9. Sanjaq of Dayr al-Zur, 1881......Page 78
10. Agriculture and Industry in Hama Region, 1883......Page 82
11. Education in Syria, 1885......Page 84
12. Syrian Emigrants to America, 1904......Page 88
13. Report on the Vilayet of Aleppo, 1890......Page 90
14. Agriculture and Textiles of Damascus, 1879......Page 95
15. Lebanon, 1900......Page 96
16. Mutasarriflik of Hama, 1911......Page 101
17. Tourism in Lebanon, 1914......Page 102
18. Economic and Social Innovations in Aleppo, 1853–1914......Page 104
19. Men's Daily Wages in Syria, 1820–1915......Page 106
20. Gross Value of Production in Syria, 1913......Page 108
21. Mosul, 1750–1800......Page 110
22. Iraq in 1800......Page 114
23. Plagues in Iraq, 1689–1877......Page 116
24. Plagues and Floods in Baghdad, 1822 and 1831......Page 118
26. Piracy on the Euphrates, Disturbances at Basra, 1820......Page 122
27. Iraq under Dawud Pasha, 1817–1831......Page 124
28. Request for Physician and Arms in Baghdad, Introduction of Vaccination, 1824......Page 128
29. Pashalik of Baghdad, 1851......Page 130
30. Conditions along Proposed Telegraph Route, 1856......Page 131
31. Midhat Pasha's Projected Reforms, 1869......Page 132
32. Midhat Pasha's Reforms, 1869–1872......Page 133
33. Economy of Mosul, 1884......Page 137
34. Floods in Iraq, 1894......Page 139
35. Baghdad in 1908......Page 140
III: Trade......Page 144
1. Trade of Alexandretta (Aleppo)......Page 169
2. Trade of Beirut......Page 171
3. Trade of Damascus......Page 173
4. Trade of Jaffa......Page 174
5. Trade of Aleppo, 18th century......Page 175
6. Trade of Damascus, 1825......Page 176
7. Emergence of Beirut, 1827......Page 177
8. Trade of Beirut, 1838......Page 179
9. British Trade and the Rise of Beirut, 1830–1860......Page 180
10. Trade and Handicrafts of Aleppo, 1855......Page 185
11. Trade of Jaffa, 1899......Page 188
12. Trade of Baghdad......Page 190
13. Trade of Basra......Page 191
14. Trade of Mosul......Page 192
15. Imports and Exports of Bombay with Persian Gulf and Arabian Gulf (Red Sea), 1801–1858......Page 193
16. Trade of Iraq, 1790s......Page 195
17. Indigo Imports, 1801......Page 199
18. Complaints of Imam of Musqat regarding Basra Customs, 1801......Page 202
19. Tariffs in Iraq, Aleppo, and Constantinople, 1810......Page 203
20. Trade of Basra and Baghdad, 1814......Page 204
21. Trade of Baghdad, 1824......Page 206
22. Merchandise Trade and Money Transactions of Basra, 1845–1846......Page 207
23. Slave Trade, Basra, 1847......Page 209
24. Trade of Mosul, 1858......Page 210
25. Trade, Shipping, Currency, and Prices in Basra, 1859......Page 212
26. Value, Quantity, and Price of Main Exports and Imports, 1864–1958......Page 216
IV: Transport......Page 220
1. Damascus–Baghdad Caravans, 1847......Page 241
2. Ports of Syria and Projected Railway to Basra, 1856......Page 242
3. Steam Navigation along the Syrian Coast, 1859......Page 244
4. Project for Port of Beirut, 1868......Page 246
5. Alexandretta–Aleppo–Birejik Road, 1868, 1881......Page 248
6. Transport Costs, 1883......Page 251
7. Land Transport in Syria, End of 19th Century......Page 252
8. Hajj Caravan, 1903......Page 253
9. Alexandretta, Port and Roads, 1899, 1903......Page 256
10. Navigation on the Euphrates, 1903......Page 257
11. Hijaz Railway, 1906......Page 259
12. Gulf Shipping in Bombay, 1804......Page 263
13. Baghdad–Aleppo and Damascus Caravan, 1850s......Page 264
14. Government Steamers on Tigris, 1904......Page 266
15. Navigability of Euphrates and Tigris, 1905......Page 267
16. German Views on Baghdad Railway, 1902......Page 270
17. Baghdad Railway: British Interests and Views, 1907......Page 274
18. Shipping in Basra and the Persian Gulf, 1864–1910......Page 276
19. Means of Transportation in Iraq, 1912......Page 279
20. Gulf Steamer Services, 1914......Page 283
V: Agriculture......Page 286
1. Lebanese Agriculture, 1850s......Page 307
2. Sponge Fishing, 1839......Page 313
3. Tobacco Cultivation, 1843......Page 315
4. Sheep Raising, Damascus Region, 1851......Page 318
5. Potential for Agricultural Development in Syria, 1855......Page 319
6. Silk in Lebanon and Syria, 1852, 1879, 1900......Page 322
7. Cotton in Aleppo Region, 1864......Page 324
8. Agriculture, 1871......Page 325
9. Problems of Agricultural Development, 1878......Page 327
10. Hauran Wheat, 1897......Page 328
11. Winemaking in Central Syria, 1898......Page 329
13. German Settlements in Palestine, 1902......Page 330
14. Latakia Region, 1903......Page 331
15. Two Farms in Palestine, 1905......Page 332
16. Olives in the Haifa Region, 1910......Page 336
17. Silk in Lebanon, 1914......Page 337
18. Trade with the Beduins, 1914......Page 342
19. Changes in Landownership in the Ghuta of Damascus, 19th and 20th Centuries......Page 346
20. Land Tenure in Syria......Page 347
21. A European-Owned Farm in Palestine, 1869–1923......Page 349
22. An Early Jewish Settlement: Petah Tikva, 1878–1918......Page 354
24. Wool Trade of Iraq, 1860......Page 360
25. Prospects for Cotton Cultivation, 1863......Page 364
26. Agriculture in Iraq, 1865......Page 365
27. Hindiyya Dam, 1888–1890......Page 367
28. Date Trade in Basra, 1897......Page 368
29. Irrigation in Iraq, 1907......Page 370
30. Irrigation Schemes, 1911......Page 373
31. Irrigation Projects, Iraq, 1914......Page 375
32. Agricultural Production and Potential, 1919......Page 376
33. Land Tenure......Page 380
VI: Industry......Page 384
1. Handicrafts in Lebanon, 1835......Page 399
2. Weaving Industry in Damascus, 1850, 1863......Page 400
3. Handicrafts in Aleppo, 1870......Page 403
4. Innovations in Damascus Weaving, 1850s–1870s......Page 404
5. Effect of Westernization on Crafts and Trades in Damascus, 1891......Page 405
6. Silk Handlooms in Damascus, 1902......Page 409
7. Mines in Aleppo Vilayet, 1902......Page 410
8. Textile Handicrafts in Baghdad, 1842......Page 412
9. Handicrafts, Industry, and Working-Class Conditions......Page 413
10. Handlooms in Baghdad, 1907......Page 417
11. Petroleum Production, 1871......Page 419
12. Oil Showings, 1914......Page 420
13. Prospects of Petroleum in Baghdad Vilayet, 1918......Page 421
14. Memorandum on Reported Oilfields of Mesopotamia and Part of Persia, 1918......Page 422
VII: Finance and Public Finance......Page 424
1. Price of Wheat in Syria, 1756–1913......Page 440
2. Prices of Foodstuffs in Syria, 1756–1912......Page 444
3. Money Market in Aleppo, 1801......Page 446
4. Cost of Living in Lebanon, 1820–1840......Page 447
5. Government Revenue and Expenditure, 1841......Page 448
6. Fiscal Policy and the 1838 Anglo-Turkish Commercial Convention......Page 449
7. Revenues and Tithes of Syrian Provinces, 1833–1914......Page 452
8. Finances of Aleppo, 1858......Page 454
9. Finances of Damascus, 1858......Page 457
11. Debt in Gaza, 1850......Page 460
13. Budget of Damascus, 1895–1896......Page 463
14. Budget of Aleppo, 1902......Page 465
15. Revenues and Tithes of Iraqi Provinces, 1839–1911......Page 467
16. Revenues and Economic Conditions in Mosul, 1845......Page 468
17. Attempt to Control the Price of Grain in Baghdad, 1848......Page 474
18. Monopolies, Taxes, and Extortion in Baghdad, 1848......Page 476
19. Duties on Transport and Export of Grain, 1857......Page 478
20. Tithes in Mosul Province, 1863......Page 479
21. Abolition of Certain Monopolies, 1863......Page 480
22. A Conservative and Nationalist Governor, 1866......Page 481
23. Midhat Pasha's Land Tax Reforms, 1869–1872......Page 482
24. Currency in Basra, 1892......Page 485
25. Banking in Baghdad, 1907......Page 486
26. Tax Collection on Land and Other Sources, 1908......Page 487
27. Commercial and Financial Practices in Iraq, 1908......Page 490
28. Price of Grain in Baghdad, 1855–1914......Page 492
29. Price of Foodstuffs in Iraq, 1855–1865......Page 493
Appendix: Weights and Measures......Page 494
Bibliography......Page 498
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