The Factors of Race and Nation in Marxist Theory

Contents 1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4

I  Reproduction of the Species and Productive Economy,
Inseparable Aspects of the Material Foundation of the Historical Process 13
1    Labor and Sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
3    Individual and Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
5    Biological Heredity and Social Tradition  . . . . . .  25
6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
7   Natural Factors and Historical Development . . . .  29
8   Prehistory and Language  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
9   Social Labor and Speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
10   Economic Base and Superstructure  . . . . . . . . .  37
11   Stalin and Linguistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44
12   The Idealist Theory of National Language  . . . . .  49
13   References and Distortions  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  52
14   Personal and Economic Dependence  . . . . . . . .  58

II The Marxist Interpretation of the Political Strug-
gle and of the Impact of the National Factor in
the Historic Modes of Production 64
1    From Race to Nation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  65
2   The Emergence of the State . . . . . . . . . . . . .  67
3    States Without Nationality  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  71
4   The Hellenic Nation and Culture . . . . . . . . . .  73
5    The Roman Nation and Force . . . . . . . . . . . .  78
6   The Decline of Nationality  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  81
7   The Social Structures of the German Barbarians . . .  84
8   Feudal Society as Non-national Organization . . . .  88
9   The Bases of the Modern Revolution . . . . . . . .  93

III The Movement of the Modern Proletariat and
the Struggles for the Creation and Self-Determination
of Nations 95
1    Feudal Obstacles to the Emergence of Modern Nations 96
2   Feudal Localism and Universal Church . . . . . . .  99
3    Universalism and Political Centralism . . . . . . . . 102
4   The Revolutionary Demands of the National Bour-
geoisie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5    The Iridescent Superstructures of the Capitalist Rev-
olution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
6   The Proletariat Makes Its Appearance on the His-
torical Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  115
7   The Proletarian Struggle and the National Sphere . .  119
8   The Proletarian Strategy in Europe in 1848  . . . . .  123
9   Revolutionary Retreat and the Workers Movement .  127
10   National Struggles after 1848  . . . . . . . . . . . .  131
11   The Polish Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  136
12   The International and the Question of Nationalities  139
13   The Slavs and Russia  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
14   The Wars of 1866 and 1870 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
15   The Commune and the New Cycle . . . . . . . . .  153
16   The Imperialist Epoch and Irredentist Residues . . .  155
17   A Formula for Trieste Offered to the “Contingentists” 159
18   The European Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162