The Extraction and Refining of Metals

Content: Cover
 Half Title
 Title Page
 Copyright Page
 Table of Contents
 Preface
 List of Symbols
 Chapter 1: The Economics of Metal Production
 1.1. The Cost of Metals
 1.2. Mineral Deposits
 1.2.1. Average Concentrations of Metals
 1.2.2. Igneous Intrusions
 1.2.3. Sedimentary Deposits
 1.2.4. Workable Deposits
 1.3. Mineral Dressing
 1.3.1. Comminution
 1.3.2. Separation
 1.4. Agglomeration
 1.4.1. Pelletizing
 1.4.2. Sintering
 1.4.3. Sintering versus Pelletizing
 1.5. Reduction and Refining
 1.5.1. Pyrometallurgy
 1.5.2. Hydrometallurgy
 1.5.3. Electrometallurgy
 1.6. Choice of Process 1.7. Typical Production Routes1.7.1. Aluminum
 1.7.2. Iron
 1.7.3. Copper
 1.7.4. Lead
 1.7.5. Tin
 1.7.6. Zinc
 1.7.7. Other Metals
 1.8. Factors Affecting the Price of Metals
 1.8.1. Cost
 1.8.2. Price
 Further Reading
 Chapter 2: Theoretical Principles-1, Thermodynamics
 2.1. Thermodynamic Relations
 2.1.1. Thermodynamic Systems
 2.1.2. Free Energy, Enthalpy and Entropy
 2.2. Solutions
 2.2.1. Partial Molar Free Energy
 2.2.2. Fugacity
 2.2.3. Activity
 2.2.4. The Equilibrium Constant
 2.2.5. Solution Models
 2.2.6. Dilute Solutions
 2.2.7. Alternative Standard States 2.2.8. Multicomponent Solutions2.3. Graphical Representation of Thermodynamic Data
 2.3.1. Phase Diagrams
 2.3.2. Free Energy-Temperature Diagrams
 2.3.3. Predominance Area Diagrams
 2.3.4. Pourbaix Diagrams
 2.3.5. Other Diagrams and Applications
 Chapter 3: Theoretical Principles-2, Kinetics
 3.1. Chemical Reaction Kinetics
 3.1.1. Kinetic Theory
 3.1.2. Reaction Rate Theories
 3.2. Transport Kinetics
 3.2.1. Diffusion
 3.2.2. Heat Transfer
 3.2.3. Mass Transport
 3.3. Reactions Across Interfaces
 3.3.1. Gas-Liquid Reactions
 3.3.2. Gas-Solid Reactions
 3.3.3. Liquid-Liquid Reactions 3.4. Nucleation3.4.1. Nucleation of Precipitates
 3.4.2. Nucleation of Gas Bubbles
 Further Reading
 Chapter 4: Pyrometallurgical Extraction
 4.1. Reducing Agents
 4.1.1. Carbon Reduction
 4.1.2. Hydrogen Reduction
 4.1.3. Metallothermie Reduction
 4.2. Roasting
 4.2.1. Dead Roasting
 4.2.2. Environmental Constraints
 4.3. Agglomeration
 4.3.1. Sintering
 4.3.2. Pelletizing
 4.4. Carbothermic Reduction
 4.4.1. The Blast Furnace Process
 4.4.2. Carbothermic Reduction without Coke
 4.5. Reduction of Sulfide Ores
 4.5.1. Treatment of Copper Sulfides
 4.5.2. Treatment of Nickel Sulfides 4.5.3. Treatment of Lead Sulfides4.6. Reduction of the More Reactive Metals
 4.6.1. Metallothermie Reduction of Magnesium
 4.6.2. The Halide Extraction Route
 Further Reading
 Chapter 5: Pyrorefining
 5.1. Objectives and Principles
 5.1.1. Overview
 5.1.2. Standard Specifications
 5.1.3. Partition Ratios
 5.1.4. Refining Kinetics
 5.2. Refining Slags
 5.2.1. Slag Structures
 5.2.2. Thermodynamic Properties
 5.3. Slag-Metal Reactions
 5.3.1. Iron Refining
 5.3.2. Steelmaking Practice
 5.4. Metal-Metal Equilibria
 5.4.1. Liquation and Drossing
 5.4.2. Deoxidation
 5.5. Metal-Gas Reactions