The Exoplanet Handbook

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 13
1.2 Discovery status......Page 15
1.3.1 Observational techniques......Page 17
1.4 Astronomical terms and units......Page 19
1.6 On-line reference compilations......Page 21
2.1 Description of orbits......Page 23
2.1.1 Orbits from radial velocity measurements......Page 26
2.2.1 Introduction......Page 30
2.2.3 Deriving radial velocities from Doppler shifts......Page 31
2.2.4 Wavelength calibration......Page 32
2.2.6 Accuracy limits......Page 35
2.2.7 Excluding other sources of periodicity......Page 36
2.3.1 State-of-the-art in échelle spectroscopy......Page 37
2.3.2 Externally dispersed interferometry......Page 39
2.3.3 Future developments......Page 41
2.4.3 On-line compilations......Page 42
2.4.4 Main sequence stars......Page 43
2.4.5 Evolved stars......Page 46
2.5 Properties of the radial velocity planets......Page 48
2.5.2 Mass distribution......Page 49
2.5.3 Orbits......Page 50
2.6 Multiple planet systems......Page 51
2.6.1 General considerations......Page 52
2.6.2 Resonances......Page 54
2.6.3 Long-term integration and system stability......Page 57
2.6.4 Systems with three or more giant planets......Page 61
2.6.5 Systems in mean motion resonance......Page 63
2.7 Planets around binary and multiple stars......Page 69
2.7.1 Configurations and stability......Page 70
2.7.2 Present inventory......Page 73
2.7.3 Specific examples......Page 74
3.1 Introduction......Page 75
3.2 Astrometric accuracy from ground......Page 76
3.3 Microarcsec astrometry......Page 78
3.4.1 Surface structure jitter......Page 79
3.5 Multiple planets and mandalas......Page 80
3.6 Modeling planetary systems......Page 81
3.7 Astrometric measurements from ground......Page 82
3.8.1 Hipparcos......Page 83
3.8.2 HST–Fine Guidance Sensor......Page 84
3.9 Future observations from space......Page 85
4.1.1 PSR B1257+12......Page 89
4.1.2 PSR B1620–26......Page 91
4.1.3 Other considerations......Page 92
4.2.1 White dwarfs......Page 93
4.3.1 Confirmed planets......Page 95
4.3.2 Unconfirmed planets......Page 96
5.1 Introduction......Page 97
5.2 Description......Page 98
5.3 Caustics and critical curves......Page 101
5.4 Other light curve effects......Page 104
5.5 Microlens parallax and lens mass......Page 106
5.6 Astrometric microlensing......Page 108
5.7 Other configurations......Page 109
5.8 Microlensing observations in practice......Page 110
5.9.1 Individual objects......Page 112
5.10 Summary of limitations and strengths......Page 114
5.11 Future developments......Page 116
6.1 Introduction......Page 117
6.2 Transit searches......Page 118
6.2.1 Large-field searches from the ground......Page 119
6.2.2 Other searches from the ground......Page 122
6.2.3 Searches in open and globular clusters......Page 123
6.2.5 Searches from space......Page 124
6.2.6 Follow-up observations from space......Page 126
6.2.8 Searches around specific stellar types......Page 128
6.3 Noise limits......Page 129
6.4.2 Theoretical light curves......Page 131
6.4.3 Circular orbits......Page 133
6.4.4 Eccentric orbits......Page 135
6.4.6 Interferometric observations......Page 137
6.4.7 Reflected light......Page 138
6.4.10 Secondary eclipse......Page 140
6.4.11 Rossiter–McLaughlin effect......Page 141
6.4.12 Higher-order photometric effects......Page 144
6.4.13 Higher-order timing effects......Page 146
6.4.14 Higher-order spectroscopic effects......Page 150
6.5.1 Background......Page 151
6.5.2 Observations......Page 153
6.6.1 Mass–radius relation......Page 157
6.6.2 Observed correlations......Page 160
7.1 Introduction......Page 163
7.2.2 Adaptive optics......Page 164
7.2.3 Coronagraphic masks......Page 166
7.2.4 Speckle noise......Page 171
7.3.1 Extreme adaptive optics instruments......Page 172
7.3.2 Extremely large telescopes......Page 173
7.3.3 Imaging from the Antarctic......Page 175
7.4.1 Existing telescopes......Page 176
7.4.2 Space interferometry......Page 177
7.4.3 The future: resolved imaging......Page 181
7.5 Imaging results......Page 183
7.5.2 Searches around exoplanet host stars......Page 184
7.5.3 Searches in systems with debris disks......Page 185
7.5.4 Searches around white dwarfs......Page 186
7.6.2 Direct imaging......Page 187
7.8.1 Planetary and proto-planet collisions......Page 191
7.8.3 Accretion onto the central star......Page 192
7.8.4 Gravitational wave modulation......Page 193
8.1.2 Nearby star census......Page 195
8.1.3 Galactic coordinates......Page 197
8.2 Photometry and spectroscopy......Page 198
8.3 Evolutionary models......Page 200
8.4.1 Metallicity......Page 202
8.4.3 Origin of the metallicity difference......Page 205
8.4.4 Refractory and volatile elements......Page 208
8.4.6 The alpha elements......Page 212
8.4.7 Lithium......Page 213
8.5.1 Principles......Page 215
8.5.2 Application to exoplanet host stars......Page 217
8.6.1 Magnetic and chromospheric activity......Page 219
8.7 Stellar multiplicity......Page 220
9.1.2 Detection......Page 223
9.1.3 Luminosity and age......Page 225
9.1.5 Recognising brown dwarfs......Page 226
9.1.6 Other properties......Page 227
9.1.7 Formation......Page 228
9.2 Free-floating objects of planetary mass......Page 229
10.2 Star formation......Page 231
10.3.1 Initial collapse......Page 232
10.3.2 Young stellar objects......Page 233
10.3.3 Protoplanetary disks......Page 234
10.3.4 Debris disks......Page 236
10.4.1 The context......Page 238
10.4.2 Stages in the formation of terrestrial planets......Page 239
10.5 Size, shape, and internal structure......Page 244
10.6.1 Formation by core accretion......Page 245
10.6.2 Formation by gravitational disk instability......Page 249
10.8.1 Evidence for migration......Page 251
10.8.2 Gas disk migration......Page 252
10.8.4 Planet–planet scattering......Page 257
10.9.1 Tidal evolution of close-in planets......Page 258
10.9.2 Orbital evolution......Page 259
10.9.3 Spin-up of host stars......Page 262
10.9.4 Tidal heating......Page 263
10.9.5 Tidal heating and habitability......Page 264
10.10 Population synthesis......Page 265
11.2.1 Gas, rock, and ice......Page 269
11.2.2 Chemical composition and condensation......Page 271
11.3 Models of giant planet interiors......Page 274
11.3.2 Hydrogen and water......Page 275
11.3.3 Structural models......Page 277
11.4.1 Dependence on composition......Page 279
11.4.2 H/He dominated gas giants......Page 280
11.5.1 General models......Page 281
11.5.2 Ocean planets......Page 283
11.6 Diagnostics from rotation......Page 284
11.7 Atmospheres of gas giants......Page 285
11.8.1 Atmospheric formation......Page 292
11.8.2 Atmospheric erosion......Page 293
11.8.3 Atmospheres of ejected planets......Page 295
11.9 Habitability......Page 296
11.9.1 The habitable zone......Page 297
11.9.2 Exoplanets in the habitable zone......Page 300
11.9.3 Spectroscopic indicators of life......Page 301
11.9.4 SETI......Page 304
12.2 The solar system giants......Page 307
12.4 Solar nebula abundances......Page 309
12.5 Constraints on formation......Page 310
12.6 Orbit considerations......Page 313
12.7 Planetesimal migration in the solar system......Page 316
12.8 Atmosphere of the Earth......Page 319
Notes to Table A1......Page 323
Notes to Table A2......Page 325
Appendix B. Notation......Page 327
Appendix C. Radial velocity planets......Page 331
Appendix D. Transiting planets......Page 339
References......Page 343
Index......Page 417