The Evolving Nature of EU External Relations Law

Preface: The Evolving Nature of EU External Relations Law
Contents
Contributors
Part IThe EU as Exporter of Rules and Standards
1 The Value of the EU International Values
	1.1 Introductory Remarks: Values, Principles, Objectives or Interests?
	1.2 Some Thoughts on the Nature and Effect of the EU International Values
	1.3 Rhetorical Device or Interpretive Effect?
	1.4 The Impact of International Principles and Values on the System of Competences
		1.4.1 The No-Effect Approach
		1.4.2 The Holistic Approach
	1.5 The Role of Article 40 TEU
	1.6 Conclusions: Beyond the Holistic Approach
	References
2 New Approaches in the Promotion of EU Standards
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Economic Motivation for Regulatory Convergence for the EU
		2.2.1 The Risks of Regulatory Divergence
		2.2.2 The Gains from Regulatory Convergence
	2.3 Regulatory Convergence in New EU FTAs Lagging Behind Expectations
		2.3.1 Patterns Relying on Political Influence and Economic Strength
		2.3.2 Diminishing Influence with Increasing Distance
	2.4 Trade-Offs Between Types of Convergence Efforts
		2.4.1 Overcoming Divergent Regulatory Influence Through AfT and SDGs
	2.5 Conclusion
	References
3 Shaping EU External Relations Beyond Treaty-Making: The Scope of Extraterritorial EU Legislation and Its Enforcement Challenges
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 The Development of EU Extraterritorial Legislation
		3.2.1 Diversification of European Acts with Extraterritorial Scope
		3.2.2 Effects Stemming from the Extraterritorial Scope of European Union Acts
	3.3 The Territorial Implementation of EU Extraterritorial Legislation
		3.3.1 The Fundamental Role Granted to Member State Authorities
		3.3.2 The Marginal Role of the Commission and Private Actors
	3.4 Conclusion
	References
4 CETA: Gold Standard or Greenwashing?
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 The Emergence of CETA
		4.2.1 TTIP, ISDS and CETA
		4.2.2 Participation and Advice During the Negotiations (TSIA)
		4.2.3 From Provisional Application to Ratification
		4.2.4 Joint Interpretative Instrument and Unilateral Statements and Declarations
	4.3 The CETA Chapters on the Environment and on Sustainable Development
		4.3.1 Sustainable Development, Labour and Environment in CETA
		4.3.2 CETA and the Precautionary Principle
		4.3.3 Enforceability of Environmental Provisions
	4.4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Part IIThe EU, Treaty-Making, and Foreign Policy
5 The CJEU and the Potential and Limitations of Systemic Integration
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 The Principle of Systemic Integration (Article 31(3)(C) VCLT): Potential and Limitations
	5.3 The Relevant Jurisprudence of the CJEU: From Indifference to (an Ambivalent) Engagement?
		5.3.1 The Anastasiou Judgment
		5.3.2 The Brita Judgment
		5.3.3 The Front Polisario Judgment
		5.3.4 The Western Sahara Campaign UK Judgment
	5.4 Conclusions
	References
6 Provisional Application’s Novel Rationale: Facilitating Mixity in the EU’s Treaty Practice
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Provisional Application of International Agreements
		6.2.1 The Reasons for Resorting to Provisional Application
		6.2.2 Alternatives to Provisional Application
	6.3 On EU Mixed Bilateral Agreements and Their Provisional Application
	6.4 The Practice of Provisionally Applying Mixed Agreements Post-Lisbon
		6.4.1 Defining the Scope and Qualifying the Extent of Provisional Application
		6.4.2 The Provisional Application as a Proxy for the Precise Delimitation of Competences Between the EU and Its Member States
		6.4.3 Terminating the Provisional Application of a Bilateral Mixed Agreement: The Case of CETA
	6.5 Conclusion
	References
7 PESCO’s Microcosm of Differentiated Integration
	7.1 Multi-layered Differentiation
	7.2 Participation in PESCO
	7.3 Explaining Positive Integration in European Defence
	7.4 Governance within PESCO Projects
	7.5 Conclusion
	References
8 The Participation of Members and Non-members in EU Foreign, Security and Defence Policy
	8.1 Introduction: Between a Common and a Differentiated Policy
	8.2 Treaty Rules on Differentiated Integration and Voting in CFSP
		8.2.1 Voting and Its Consequences
		8.2.2 Forms of Differentiated Integration in CFSP and CSDP
	8.3 Beyond EU Membership: Possibilities for Third State Participation in CFSP
		8.3.1 Legal Institutional Possibilities and Obstacles
		8.3.2 Third Country Participation in CFSP in Practice
	8.4 Conclusion: CFSP as a Common Policy Between the EU and Its Members?
	References
Part IIIThe EU and Third European Countries
9 The Building Blocks and Stumbling Stones of Constructing the European Legal Space
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 The EU as a Regional Rule-Maker: Exporting the Brussels Rules
	9.3 The EU Legal Building Blocks and Legal Tools Managing a European Legal Space
		9.3.1 Categories of Agreements
		9.3.2 The Legal Tools Integrating Third States into the European Legal Space
	9.4 The EU’s Legal and Political Conditions for Third Country Integration
		9.4.1 EU Competences—A Formal Condition
		9.4.2 Integrity of EU Law and Creating a Level Playing Field: A Political Condition?
		9.4.3 Autonomy of EU Courts: A Legal Condition?
	9.5 Conclusion
	References
10 Where Do We Go from Here? EU Relations with the Eastern Partnership Avant Garde
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Association Agreements: Ambitious and Demanding
		10.2.1 The Big Picture
		10.2.2 Implementation of the Association Agreements
	10.3 European Agendas and Other Policy Tools
	10.4 Quo Vadis?
		10.4.1 Introduction
		10.4.2 Upgrades to the Association Agreements
		10.4.3 Beyond the Association Agreements
	10.5 Conclusions
	References
11 Legal Status of the United Kingdom as a Third State: Strange Déjá Vu
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Application of EU Constitutional Principles to and in the UK
	11.3 Free Movement of EU Citizens in the UK
	11.4 Free Movement of Goods to and from the UK
	11.5 Jurisdiction of the Court of Justice on Acts Applicable to and in the UK
	11.6 UK Participation in EU Institutions, Bodies, Offices, or Agencies
	11.7 Conclusion
	References
12 Brexit and the ‘Great British Trade-Off’: The Future of the EU’s and the UK’s External Treaty Relations
	12.1 Introduction: From Verdrittstaatlichung to Global Competition
	12.2 The Great British Trade-Off: “Global Britain” Versus “Market Power Europe”
		12.2.1 “Global Britain”
		12.2.2 “Market Power Europe”
	12.3 “The Great British Trade-Off” as an International Legal Issue
	12.4 An Assessment Framework and Its Methodological Challenges
	12.5 Conclusion: Was Leaving “Worth It”?
	References
Part IVThe EU and Migration Policies
13 Two Years After the Adoption of the Global Compact for Migration: Some Thoughts on the Role Played by the EU
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 The Global Compact for Migration and Its Legal Nature
		13.2.1 The Negotiation, Adoption and Implementation of the Global Compact for Migration
		13.2.2 The Positions of the EU Member States and the EU
		13.2.3 The Nature and Content of the Global Compact for Migration
	13.3 The Negotiation of the Global Compact for Migration Viewed from an EU External Relations Perspective
		13.3.1 The Lack of Negotiating Mandate and the Power of Representation
		13.3.2 The Lack of Respect for the Principle of Sincere Cooperation and the Unity of Union Representation
		13.3.3 The European Commission’s Proposal for Two Council Decisions Authorizing It to Approve the Global Compact
	13.4 Conclusion
	References
14 The Externalisation of EU Migration Policies: The Implications Arising from the Transfer of Responsibilities to Third Countries
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 The Transfer of Responsibility in the Management of Migration to Third Countries: The Case of Libya
	14.3 The Regional Disembarkation Platforms: A New Version of the Hotspots?
	14.4 The Externalization of Migration Policies: The Responsibility of the EU for Human Rights Violations
	14.5 Conclusions
	References
15 The EU’s Policy Towards Combatting Trafficking in Human Beings in Its Relations with the Eastern Neighbourhood: A Human Rights-Based Approach?
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Trafficking in Human Beings in the EU Legal Order and Its External Aspects
	15.3 The EU’s Policy on Human Trafficking in Relations with Its Eastern Neighbours
		15.3.1 Tracing the EU’s Approach Through the ENP and EaP Policy Documents
		15.3.2 A Human Rights-Based Approach: The Bilateral Context
		15.3.3 ENP Action Plans and Their Monitoring
		15.3.4 Visa Liberalisation and Mobility Partnerships
		15.3.5 Human Rights Dialogues
		15.3.6 New Generation Agreements and Related Framework Instruments
	15.4 Conclusion
	References
16 EU Cooperation with Third Countries on Migration and Asylum: The Case of Libya Revisited
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 The “Unprecedented Migratory Crisis”, Its Real Dimension and Political Relevance
	16.3 The EU’s Response to the “Migration Crisis”: A Brief Overview
	16.4 Cooperation with Third Countries on Migration and Asylum: Toolbox and Conditionality
		16.4.1 Legal, Political and Operational Instruments
		16.4.2 Conditionality
	16.5 Migration Compact with Libya: Human Rights and EU Values at Stake?
		16.5.1 EU’s Obligations on Migration and Development Cooperation: Legal References at a Glance
		16.5.2 Is the Fight Against Irregular Migration Prevailing Over Human Rights?
	16.6 Conclusion
	References