The Evolution of Modern Science

Cover......Page 1
The Evolution of Modern Science......Page 2
©......Page 3
Contents......Page 4
Preface......Page 10
Acknowledgements......Page 14
To the Student......Page 16
1 Before the Greeks 
(Pre-history–600 BCE)......Page 17
2.1	Greek Theories......Page 21
2.2	Greek Philosophy and Science......Page 24
2.3	Greeks under Roman Domination......Page 31
3.1	The Dark Ages......Page 37
3.2	The Scholastic Synthesis......Page 39
4.1	A New Cosmology......Page 41
4.2	The Language of Nature......Page 55
5.1	The Scientific Revolution......Page 58
5.2	A Mechanistic World......Page 61
5.3	The Scientific Method......Page 64
5.4	Space and Time......Page 66
5.5	Newtonianism and The Scientific Revolution......Page 75
5.6	The Enlightenment and the Idea of Progress......Page 83
5.7	Preface to the Industrial Age......Page 89
6.1	The Foundations of Modern Chemistry......Page 90
6.2	Chemistry Becomes a Science......Page 96
6.3	Organic (living) Chemistry......Page 105
7	Classical Electricity, Magnetism and Light (1700–1900)......Page 111
7.1	Electrical Phenomena......Page 112
7.2	Volta’s Cell Applied to Chemistry......Page 116
7.3	Electricity, Magnetism and Light......Page 117
7.4	Electrical Technology......Page 124
8.1	The Rise of Steam Technology......Page 127
8.2	Heat and Energy – the First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 128
8.2	Entropy – The Second Law of Thermodynamics......Page 133
8.3	Entropy and Civilization......Page 137
9.1	Foundations of Natural History......Page 139
9.2	Natural History and Classical Geology......Page 146
10.1	Evolution......Page 155
10.2	Darwinism......Page 164
10.3	Darwinism in America......Page 167
11.1	Economics......Page 172
11.2	Sociology......Page 174
11.3	Political Science......Page 175
11.4	Psychology......Page 177
11.5	Social Science and Statistics......Page 178
11.6	Social Darwinism......Page 180
12.1	Pre-1900 American Science......Page 186
12.2	Theories of the Aether......Page 188
12.3	X-Rays and Radioactivity......Page 189
12.4	Atomic Structure......Page 195
12.5	Nuclear Fusion and Fission......Page 202
12.6	Special Relativity......Page 203
12.7	Quantum Mechanics......Page 207
13.1	The Atomic Bomb......Page 213
13.2	Sputnik and the Space Race......Page 224
14.1	The Cell......Page 227
14.2	Genetics......Page 233
14.3	DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)......Page 237
15 Modern Cosmology – the Origin of the Universe (1900– )......Page 240
15.1	Galaxies and Cepheids......Page 241
15.2	General Relativity and Black Holes......Page 242
15.3	The Redshift and the Big Bang......Page 243
16	The Chemical Bond (1900– )......Page 247
15.4	Molecular Bonding......Page 250
17.1	Counting, Numbers, and Calculation......Page 257
17.2	Mathematics and Digital Computers......Page 260
17.3	Boolean Algebra......Page 262
17.5	Computing Machines......Page 266
18.1	National Parks......Page 270
18.2	Preservationists vs. Wise-Use Advocates......Page 271
18.3	Food Chains and Ecology......Page 273
19.1	The Age of the Earth......Page 276
19.2	Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics......Page 279
20	Afterword......Page 286
21.1	Appendix 1 – Arithmetic and Geometry......Page 289
21.2	Appendix 2 – Formal Logic......Page 291
21.3	Appendix 3 – Algebra......Page 293
21.4	Appendix 4 – Analytical Geometry......Page 297
21.5	Appendix 5 – Calculus......Page 298
21.6	Appendix 6 – Statistics......Page 302
21.7	Appendix 7 – Boolean Algebra and Set Theory......Page 303
21.8	Appendix 8 – The Ancients Revisited – Titus Lucretius Carus......Page 305
22	Bibliography......Page 313
23	Endnotes......Page 316