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دسته بندی: دین ویرایش: نویسندگان: Jay Raskin سری: ISBN (شابک) : 9781413497915, 1413497926 ناشر: Xlibris سال نشر: 2006 تعداد صفحات: 653 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 16 مگابایت
کلمات کلیدی مربوط به کتاب سیر تکاملی مسیحیان و مسیحیت ها: عیسی مسیح، مسیحیت -- خاستگاه
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب The Evolution of Christs and Christianities به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب سیر تکاملی مسیحیان و مسیحیت ها نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
تکامل مسیحیان و مسیحیان ساده لوح ترین و بدبین ترین افراد را شگفت زده خواهد کرد. این کتاب توسعه مفهوم مسیح و توسعه جنبش های مسیح را بررسی می کند که دقیقاً دو هزار سال پیش در سال 6 بعد از میلاد شروع شده است. این یک پاسخ جدید شگفتانگیز را به این سؤال پیشنهاد میکند که «آیا عیسی وجود داشت؟» دهه اول قرن بیست و یکم شاهد پرسش بیسابقهای در مورد ریشههای مسیحیت بوده است. آثار نویسندگانی مانند رابرت پرایس (کوچک شدن باورنکردنی عیسی)، بارت دی ارمن (مسیحیت های گمشده: نبردها برای کتاب مقدس و ایمان هایی که هرگز نمی دانستیم)، تیموتی فریک و پیتر گاندی (رازهای عیسی)، ارل دوهرتی (معمای عیسی)، آرچاریا اس (توطئه مسیح)، رابرت آیزنمن ( جیمز برادر عیسی،)، مایکل او. وایز (نخستین مسیحا)، برتون مک ( اسطوره مسیحی: ریشه ها، منطق، و میراث و دن براون (رمز داوینچی) مفروضات رایج در مورد این ریشه ها را به چالش می کشند. این کتاب به طور مشابه بسیاری از مقدمات ارتدکس را به چالش می کشد. دلایل احتمالی بسیاری از تناقضات، تغییرات و نقاط گسست در روایات کتب عهد جدید را بررسی می کند. این متون را واسازی می کند تا تاریخ جایگزینی را در پشت آنها پیشنهاد کند. این کتاب شواهدی را برای پنج فرضیه اصلی ارائه میکند: 1) تاریخ کلیسا اسقف اوسبیوس قرن چهارم تصویری متعصبانه، مغرضانه و عموماً تحریفشده از پیشرفت مسیحیت اولیه است. محققانی که بر آن تکیه میکنند، ناخواسته یک ایدئولوژی دروغین و افسانهوار را ترویج میکنند تا اینکه تاریخ اصیل مردم و گروههای اجتماعی را تبلیغ کنند. 2) زنی که اولین لایه از داستانهای انجیل متعارف را نوشته است. او احتمالاً مریم نام داشت و احتمالاً دختر یک کاهن اعظم یهودی بوده است. 3) بیشتر کلمات عیسی ناصری که در اناجیل مرقس، متی و لوقا یافت می شود، در اصل از متون مربوط به یوحنا، پیامبر ناصری، A.K.A است. جان، باپتیست. 4) ویژگی های مهم شخصیت های عیسی و پطرس رسول از یک جادوگر سامری به نام سیمون مجوس آمده است. 5) گروه اصلی مسیحی در اورشلیم در قرن اول کلیسای خدا بود. این نهاد با یعقوب عادل مرتبط بود و با مخالفت پل تارسان. ظاهراً از طریق آموزش بردگان برای اطاعت از زنان بیوه، درآمد خود را به دست آورد. برخلاف قوانین موسی، برای نجات به سوی یوشع (عیسی) نون می نگریست و مانند پولس، از هیچ عیسی از ناصره چیزی نمی دانست، این فرضیه ها با هم نشان می دهد که عیسی ناصری یک شخص واقعی تاریخی نبوده است. او در درجه اول یک خلاقیت ادبی پیچیده بود. او ترکیبی از متون مختلف در مورد یوشع نون، جان، پیامبر ناصری، جیمز عادل، سیمون مجوس و شخصیت های ادبی مختلف بود. با این حال، برخی از این شخصیتهای قبلی ممکن است بر اساس افراد مختلف تاریخی که در نیمه اول زندگی میکردهاند یا قصد اشاره به آنها را داشته باشند. درباره نویسنده جی راسکین دارای مدرک دکترا است. در فلسفه از دانشگاه فلوریدا جنوبی و مدرک B.F.A. در فیلمسازی از مدرسه هنرهای تجسمی در نیویورک. او در ده سال گذشته در 12 کالج در فلوریدا مرکزی دروس فلسفه، علوم انسانی و فیلم تدریس کرده است. او دو فیلم بلند تولید کرده است (الکترا، 1993، و من با یک خون آشام ازدواج کردم، 1984، توزیع شده توسط Troma Inc، شهر نیویورک). او در پنج سال گذشته مدیر گروه بحث یاهو JesusMysteries بوده است. او اصالتا اهل کوئینز نیویورک است. او اکنون با همسر ۲۰ سالهاش ویکی و دختر ۱۱ سالهاش آفرودیت در اورلاندو زندگی میکند. او در حال حاضر برای دانشگاه فینیکس تدریس می کند.
The Evolution of Christs and Christianities will surprise the most gullible and the most skeptical. It examines the development of the concept of the Christ and the development of Christ movements starting precisely two thousnd years ago in 6 CE. It suggests a startling new answer to the question, "Did Jesus Exist?" The first decade of the 21st century has seen an unprecedented questioning of the origins of Christianity. Works by authors such as Robert Price (Incredible Shrinking Jesus), Bart D. Ehrman (Lost Christianities : The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew),Timothy Freke and Peter Gandy (The Jesus Mysteries), Earl Doherty (The Jesus Puzzle), Archarya S (The Christ Conspiracy), Robert Eisenman (James the Brother of Jesus,), Michael O. Wise (The First Messiah), Burton Mack ( The Christian Myth: Origins, Logic, and Legacy ), and Dan Brown (The Da Vinci Code) challenge commonly held assumptions about these origins. This book similarly challenges many orthodox premises. It examines the possible reasons for the many contradictions, changes and breaking points in the narratives of the books of the New Testament. It deconstructs these texts to suggest an alternative history behind them. The book offers evidence for five major hypotheses: 1) Bishop Eusebius' fourth century Church History is a tendentious, biased and generally distorted picture of the development of early Christianity. Scholars who rely on it are unwittingly promoting a false, fairytale-like ideology rather than promulgating an authentic history of people and social groups. 2) A woman, wrote the earliest layer of the canonical gospel tales. She was probably named Mary and may have been a daughter of a Jewish High Priest. 3) Most of the words of Jesus of Nazareth found in the Gospels of Mark, Matthew and Luke were originally from texts about John, the Nazarene Prophet, A.K.A. John, the Baptist. 4) Important features of the characters of Jesus and the Apostle Peter came from a Samaritan magician called Simon Magus. 5) The major Christian group in Jerusalem in the first century was The Church of God. This institution was associated with James the Just and opposed by Paul the Tarsan. It apparently made its money by training slaves in obedience for widows. It looked towards Joshua (Jesus) of Nun for salvation as opposed to the laws of Moses and, like Paul, it knew nothing of any Jesus from Nazareth Taken together, these hypotheses suggest that Jesus of Nazareth was not a real historical person. He was primarily a complex literary creation. He was a combination of various texts about Joshua of Nun, John, the Nazarene Prophet, James the Just, Simon Magus and various other literary characters. However some of these earlier characters may have been loosely based on, or intended to refer to, various historical persons who lived in the first half of About the Author Jay Raskin has a Ph.D. in Philosophy from the University of South Florida and a B.F.A. in filmmaking from the School of Visual Arts in New York. He has taught Philosophy, Humanities and Film courses at half a dozen colleges in Central Florida in the past ten years. He has produced two feature films (Electra, 1993, and I Married a Vampire, 1984, distributed by Troma Inc, New York City). He has been a moderator at the Yahoo discussion group JesusMysteries for the past five years. He is originally from Queens, New York. He now lives in Orlando with his wife of 20 years, Vicky, and 11 year old daughter, Aphrodite. He currently teaches for the University of Phoenix.
List of Illustrations ............ 11 Internet Websites for Illustrations .......... 11 Foreword .............. 13 Introduction ...... 17 A New View ...... 17 Elaboration of Main Concepts ....... . 18 Narratological Archaeology Applied to Jesus' Mother ...... 23 Cross Scene Reconstruction ..... 27 ------------ Chapter 1: Eusebius the Master Forger .... 39 The History that is Not "a Perfect and Complete History" ....... 39 Eusebius and the Miraculous Founding of Christian Churches ........ 46 1. The Church at Edessa ........ 46 2. The Church of Jerusalem ..... 49 3. The Church at Caesarea ...... .. 61 The Daughters of Philip and Caesarea and the ERA Hypothesis ....... 63 Saints Who Help Us Understand How Eusebius Worked ...... 70 1. Gregory and Basil ....... 70 2. Jerome ........ 73 Doubts About Eusebius Suppressed ..... 76 Philosophy and Style ..... 79 Eusebius' Tell (ET) ....... 80 Eleven More Cases of Eusebius' Trope Three Perhaps Coincidental Uses of Phrases Similar to Eusbebius' Trope ...... 92 In Defense of Eusebius ............ 94 Checking ET ......... 95 Did Eusebius Make Interpolations into Other People's Texts? .... 98 Reconstruction of Tacitus Christian Reference ......... 101 The Ending of Eusebean History: ....... 103 The Evolution of Christianity ........ 104 ---------- Chapter 2: Non-Eusebean History ............. 109 Four Broad Stages of Early Christian History ....... 109 Not Starting with Paul ......... ... . 110 Tertullian the Master Rhetorician .................... 110 ---------- Chapter 3: Mary, the Author of the Word Become Flesh .... 118 What are the Gospels? ......... 118 New Paradigms: Beginning Deconstruction ................ 120 An Example of the Erasing of Mary from the Narrative ........ 123 Two Motifs of Mark that May Reflect the Life of Mark .......... 127 1. The Fear Factor in Mark 2. Secrecy in Mark: Spread the Word, But Don't Tell Anyone About Me! Guarding jesus' Tomb .......... 134 Differences in the Endings of Mark and Matthew ......... 136 Time Out of joint ......... 139 John makes jesus into the Sacrificial Lamb of God .......... 140 Why did the three Women Come to the Tomb? ..................... 143 A Symbolic Change: Death on the Preparation Day for Passover ......... 146 The Modus Operandi of Mark and the Earlier Gospel of John ..... 149 The Number of Women at the Tomb ............. 150 The Original Ending ...... ..... 151 Changes in the Preparation Day Gospel of John ........... 152 First Reconstruction of UrTomb Scene .......... 153 Why Mark made Jesus Dead for Three Days .................. 157 The Second Death of Jesus Story: On the Passover Day ............ 158 The Schizoid jesus ......... 161 Crowing Cocks ...... 163 Why is Mary in the Courtyard of the High Priest? .. ........ 168 Reconstruction of Farewell Scene ............ 170 Reconstruction of Farewell Scene #2 .......... 172 Peter Gets an Earful ................ 172 Reconstruction of EarCutting Scene ............. 174 Reconstruction of Courtyard Scene ........ 175 Reconstruction of Jesus's Capture .......... 176 Reconstruction of Jesus's Capture #2 .......... 178 Reconstruction of ]esus's Capture #3 ..... .... 180 Mary, Daughter of Annas, Wife ofCaiaphas ....... 182 Reconstruction of Mary's Identity ....... 183 The Secret Identity of Jesus .......... 183 Summary of Passover Gospel Reconstruction: Mark is Third Generation 185 Historical Analysis of Joseph Caiaphas and Mary ............ 186 Was Mary a Stepmother and Lover of Jesus? ....... ......... 187 Felix the Egyptian and the Capture on the Mount of Olives ........ 189 Scenario Behind the First Gospel Text: ...................... 192 The Real Name of the Real Man that was Crucified in Mary's tale .... 193 The Original Ending of the Gospel of Luke .............. 194 Reconstruction of the Final Scene in the Gospel of Luke ....... 197 ---------- Chapter 4: A New Feminist Paradigm for Understanding the Evolution of the Gospels ...... ... .. 201 Batman Begins as .Jesus Begins ....... . 205 He Who Gets Slapped: the Crucifixion as Plot Device ....... 211 Frankenstein and jesus .......... 213 Comparison of Frankenstein to the Passover Gospel by Mary Magdalene ......... 214 Letters of!VIary ............. 214 Jesus and All That Jazz ........ 220 Chicago as a Paradigm Text for the Gospels ........ 220 They Both Reached for the Gun ..... 222 "Never Forget It" ................... 223 Comparison of the Interview Scenes ........... 225 A Good Model ........... 230 And Harry Potter Too! ...... 231 .......... 232 Thomas Doubts Mary .............. 234 Psychoanalytical Reconstruction of Thomas' Doubts ...... 237 Part II: What is the Gospel? ................ 238 The Gospels That are Not Gospels ........... 238 The Memoirs That are Not Memoirs ........... 240 The Testimony That is a Play ...... . ............ 244 The Mime Play: ...................... 247 Mime Actresses and Mime Plays .............. 249 ------------- Chapter 5: Dating the Death of an Unknown Man More Precisely ... 255 The Missing Interrogation/Trial scene in John ......... 255 An Interesting Discovery about Barabas .............. 257 Pilate and the King of the Jews Reconstruction ....... 259 History, Josephus and the Death of a Leader of a Samaritan-Jewish Revolution ..... 259 How History was Changed to Get Rid of Pilate a Year Earlier ..... 261 Passover 36 or 37 or ot Passover at All .......... 263 Reconstruction of Vestment Passage in Josephus: ....... 266 Dating Vitelli us' Second Visit .... 267 Who Died in 36? ............... . 268 The Double Date Switch Hypothesis ........ 269 The Man Executed by Pi late .......... 272 Reconstruction of Original Josephus Passage on John ............. 276 Summary of Years 36-37 Investigation Results .............. 278 ----------- Chapter 6: Oeconstructing the Gospel of Mark ....... 280 The Dating Game ............... 280 Two Problems That are Really One ............ 284 Reconstruction of Original Tranfiguration Scene .......... 293 The Apocalyptic Material and Mark's additions ........ 295 Reconstruction of the Original Coming of Christ Predictions .... 297 Does Mark Use the Temple as an Historicall Marker? ......... 299 Six Scenes in the Temple ........................ 300 Two Questions: Which buildings and Which War? ................. 308 Counter-Evidence: Jesus' Destruction of the Temple ............... 310 The JDJT Hypothesis ................................ 313 The Logic of First Century Christianity ........... 314 Did John Baptize with Water or Holy Spirit? .......... 326 Who is The Son of Man? ............... 331 An Experiment ...................... 340 Reconstruction of Ur-John Gospel That Mark Worked From ..... 343 The UrMark Gospel ............ 345 MQ ...................... 355 Analysis of MQ: The Prophet Versus Christ Hypothesis ...... 358 Conclusions from MQ ...................... 369 MQQ ...................... 369 Thirty Questions: the John/Jesus FAQ sheet ..................... 373 ----------- Chapter 7: Deconstructing the Gospel of Matthew ................ 379 How Matthew Changed a Single Long Speech by John the Baptist into Multiple Jesus Speeches ........ 379 First Evidence of Speeches from a John the Baptist Text .... 379 Second Evidence of Jesus' Speeches from a John the Baptist Text ....... 385 Third Evidence of Jesus Speeches from a John the Baptist Text ....... 389 An UrMatthew Document: The Teachings of John the Nazarene ............ 390 Conclusions and New Beginnings: Drawing John the Baptist and Jesus Christ from Eleazar and Joshua, Coloring from the Book of Malachi ............... 407 ---------- Chapter 8: The Birth of John/Jesus ....... 411 Reconstruction of Birth Narrative ................ 418 ---------- Chapter 9: John the Disciple of the Lord, Papias and Eusebius ......... 421 Papias and John the Disciple of the Lord ............... 426 Deconstructing Revelation or Revealing the Revealing ................ 432 Why and Where Patmos? ....... 439 Reconstruction of the Opening of Revelation ................. 442 Second Reconstruction of the Beginning of Revelation ..................... 444 What Really Happened to John and How He Became John the Christ .... 447 The Historical John and the Mythology of John ......... 452 --------- Chapter 10: Paul through a Mirror Darkly ............. 455 The Seven Inauthentic Authentic Letters of Paul ......... 455 How many Trips to Corinth Did Paul take? ..................... 465 Proof from Acts that Apollos was First to Preach the Gospel to the Gentiles ....... 476 Reconstruction of Acts .......... 478 The Seven Inauthentic Inauthentic Epistles of Paul .......... 485 How the Seven Epistles of Ignatius Evolved from Seven Asia Minor Epistles of Paul .......... 488 Timothy, the Useful Real Son of Paul ........ 493 Reconstruction of Epistle of Paul to Titus, by Philemon of Laodicea: ......... 496 Who was Untimely Born? ....................... 501 The Secret Identity of the Crucified Man ............. 505 ----------- Chapter 11: Peter was Simon, But who Was Simon? .......... 511 Reconstructing Saul's Trip ..................... 516 Hints of jesus' Simon Identity in the Canonical Gospels .............. 526 ---------- Chapter 12: The Shepherd and the Church of God Before Jesus ...... 542 Tertullian Attacks the Shepherd ............ 544 The Recycled Proposition Principle ......... 547 The Smoking Gun Parable ............... 547 The Shepherd as a Source for the Gospel Writers .......... 551 The Twelve Commandments of the Angel of Repentence ....................... 558 The Reward of the Flesh: the Founding Myth of All Christianities .......... 562 Hermas Meets the Shepherd ............. 565 Summary of What We Learn from this Founding Document ...... 572 Psychoanalyzing Hermas ............. 573 Relationship of Paul to Hermas ............. 575 Was Paul a Slave? ............................ 575 Paul and the Obedience School for Slaves ............ 583 ---------- Chapter 13: James and the Church of God ....... 587 ---------- Chapter 14: Still Jesus after All These Years ...... 595 Movies, Mickey Mouse and Jesus Christ: The Confusion of the Sitz-Im-Leben and the Mise-en-Scene ... 601 ---------- Chapter 15: Bringing It All Back Home ........... 607 Good News: Jesus did not Die in the Original Story. Bad News: He Died in Real Life .... 607 Evolution of the True Gospel ............ 609 Basis for a New Interpretation of Early Christian Development .. 611 Endnotes .... .................... 615 Bibliography ................. 643