The Evolution of Brazil compared with that of Spanish and Anglo-Saxon America

INTRODUCTION, 9

LECTURE I, 16
The conquest of America. ─ Religious defence of the native element. ─ Indians and negroes. ─ The color problem and the discrimination against the colonists. ─ The institution of slavery and the conditions of political independence in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies, affecting diversely the abolition of slavery. ─ The first Spanish American civil war and the verdict of history in regard to it. ─ The social organization in the possessions of the New World. ─ The Indians and the clergy. ─ The part taken by the Jesuits. ─ The fusion of the races and the neo-European product. ─ Causes of the separation: disregard of nationality and economic exploitation. ─ Monopolies and prohibitions. Spiritual tutelage and emancipation. ─ Historical reasons for the Catholic intolerance. ─ Intellectual revival of the Iberian Peninsula during the Spanish reign of Charles Til, and under the Portuguese dictatorship of the Marquis de Pombal. ─ Influence of this revival in the colonies.

LECTURE II, 36
European ideas brought over the sea by contraband books and native travelers. ─ Intercourse between mother-country and colony. ─ The intellectual progress of the New World of Latin America before its political emancipation. ─ Comparison with the progress of the British possessions. ─ The race, environment, and period. ─ The race problem in America. ─ Traditional sympathy felt in Latin America for the inferior races. ─ State of the colonial culture in the Iberian and Anglo-Saxon sections. ─ Territorial conquests of Portuguese and Spaniards. ─ The political unit: the municipal chambers and cabildos. ─ Their conception and realization in the colonies and their significance in the mother-countries of Europe. ─ The Cabildo of Montevideo and the part it took in the Revolution. ─ The municipal chambers of Brazil and Independence. ─ The political and social reconstruction of the new countries. ─ Education and charity. ─ Characteristics of colonial education. The lack of political education in Latin America. ─ The general characteristics of particularism and the American conception of federalism

LECTURE III, 55
Origin of the federative principle. ─ Local government and administrative centralization in Portuguese and Spanish America: Their different aspects. ─ Lack of uniformity in colonial legislation. ─ Viceroys and Audiencias. ─ Union through confederation in the three Americas. ─ Schemes of American royalties: Aranda, Pitt and Chateaubriand. ─ The monarchical idea in Latin America and its moral effect. ─ The first Monroe Doctrine. ─ Franco-British rivalries in the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. ─ Napoleon and the British interests in the New World. ─ Monarchical possibilities in Buenos Aires, Mexico, and Colombia. ─ Pitiable role of Ferdinand VII. Iturbide, Bolivar, and San Martin. ─ European or Creole dynasties. ─ Historical function of the Brazilian Empire. The moderate minds in the colonies and liberal ideas in Spain. ─ Precedents for the idea of separation. ─ The traditional discontent, the genesis of the patriotic instinct, and the personal tie between the sovereign and his possessions in America.

LECTURE IV, 74
Representative types in the struggle for the independence of the New World. ─ The Mexican curate Hidalgo and the Latin American clergy, partisans of national independence. ─ The Brazilian priests in the revolution, in the Constituent Assembly and in the government. ─ Temporary union of the aristocratic, religious and popular elements. ─ The Creole royalty of Iturbide and the imperialistic jacobinism of Bolivar. ─ The conservative and the revolutionary elements in the new political societies. ─ José Bonifacio, Dom Pedro and Brazilian emancipation. ─ Bolivar's political psychology and its historical parallel with that of San Martin. ─ Their double sketch in the light of sociology, by F. Garcia Calderon. ─ Their antagonistic temperaments and different education. Federation applied, and the international ideal of Bolivar: Solidarity, mediation, arbitration and territorial integrity. ─ The pact of Panama and the abstention of the United States. Bolivar's nationalism, his generosity. ─ Nativism of the subsequent libertadores ; more in harmony with the environment. ─ Melancholy destiny of the superior men of the Independence and of their patriotic work. Advent of the anarchic element, premature political decadence, and dawn of regeneration.

LECTURE V, 94
The work of neo-Latin emancipation and the Iberian-American element. ─ Andres Bello and Mariano Moreno, types of superior colonial intellects. ─ The books which San Martin and Bolivar read. Critical sense of Bolivar. ─ The poem Junin, by Olmedo. Constituent assemblies and constitutions. ─ The "Middle Ages" of the new Spanish-Portuguese world. ─ Its first intellectual currents. The liberal ideas of the generation of the Independence and the part taken by the colonial representatives
in the Cortes of Cadiz and Lisbon. ─ Character of the literature of the new countries. ─ Heroic poetry and the Indianist school. ─ The tradition of the mother-tongue among the neo- Spanish peoples. ─ The cult of the Past. ─ French influence in literature and politics. ─ The eclecticism of Cousin and the Positivist training. ─ Effect of English and German philosophies. ─ European Idealism in America. Science and mental speculation. ─ Traditionalism and Modernism.

LECTURE VI, 112
Moral integration produced by the fusion of the races, the condition of social equilibrium. ─ The historic episode of Bolivar and Petion. Disadvantages of intermarriage, which gives rise to a great difference in ideals. ─ Political unrest of Latin America, formerly the hope of the European democracy. ─ Causes of the revolutionary disturbances. ─ The anarchical and conservative elements in the Iberian societies of the New World. ─ Bolivar's conception and its realization in Brazil. ─ Strength of traditionalism. ─ Historic function of the Brazilian Monarchy. ─ Federation and the rule of dictators. ─ Private initiative and the work of education and moralization. ─ Liberty and tyranny. ─ Troubles in the evolutionary march of the peoples across the sea. ─ Lack of harmony between the theory and practice, between the regime and the people. ─ The Brazilian oligarchy during the empire and its mission. ─ Political regeneration through social education and economic development. ─ Mariano Moreno and Dom John VI. ─ Industrialism and the emancipation of the people. ─ Violence and culture. ─ Qualities, services and glories of Latin America. ─ The American conscience and Pan-Americanism. ─ America for humanity.

NOTES ON LECTURE I, 130

NOTES ON LECTURE II, 136

NOTES ON LECTURE III, 140

NOTES ON LECTURE IV, 144

NOTES ON LECTURE V, 151

NOTES ON LECTURE VI, 156