The Everyday Writer with 2016 MLA Update

Front Cover
Inside Front Cover
Half Title Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
How to Use This Book
Preface
Acknowledgments
True Tales of the Evereyday Writer
Writing Processes
	1: The Top Twenty: A Quick Guide to Troubleshooting Your Writing
	2: Expectations for College Writing
		a: Move between social and academic writing
		b: Position yourself as an academic writer
		c: Read and listen actively
		d: Plan research
		e. Use digital tools effectively
	3: Rhetorical Situations
		a: Make good choices for your rhetorical situation.
		b: Plan your text’s topic and message.
		c: Consider your purpose and stance as a communicator
		d: Analyze your audience
		e: Think about genres and media
		f: Consider language and style
		g: A sample rhetorical situation
	4: Exploring Ideas
		a: Try brainstorming
		b: Try freewriting or looping
		c: Try drawing or creating word pictures
		d: Try clustering
		e: Look at images and videos
		f: Keep a reflective journal or private blog
		g: Ask questions
		h: Browse sources
		i: Collaborate
	5: Planning and Drafting
		a: Narrow your topic
		b: Craft a working thesis
		c: Gather information
		d: Organize information
		e: Make a plan
		f: Create a draft
	6: Developing Paragraphs
		a: Focus on a main idea
		b: Provide details
		c: Use effective methods of development
		d: Consider paragraph length
		e: Make paragraphs flow
		f: Work on opening and closing paragraphs
	7: Reviewing, Revising, and Editing
		a: Reread
		b: Get the most from peer review
		c: Consult instructor comments
		d: Revise
		e: Edit
	8: Reflecting
		a: Reflect to present your work effectively
			A Student’s Reflective Statement
		b: Reflect to learn
			A Student’s Reflective Blog Post
Critical Thinking and Argument
	9: Critical Reading
		a: Consider print and digital differences
		b: Preview the text
		c: Read and annotate
		d: Summarize the main ideas
		e: Analyze and reflect on the text
		f: Think critically about visual texts
		g: A student’s critical reading of a text
	10: Analyzing Arguments
		a: Think critically about argument
		b: Recognize cultural contexts
		c: Identify an argument’s basic appeals
		d: Analyze the elements of argument
		e: Think critically about fallacies
		f: A student’s rhetorical analysis
	11: Constructing Arguments
		a: Understand purposes for argument
		b: Determine whether a statement can be argued.
		c: Make a claim and formulate a working thesis
		d: Examine your assumptions
		e: Shape your appeal to your audience
		f: Establish credibility through ethical appeals
		g: Use effective logical appeals
		h: Use appropriate emotional appeals
		i: Consult sources
		j: Organize your argument
		k: Consider design and delivery
		l: A student’s argument essay
Research
	12: Preparing for a Research Project
		a: Analyze the research assignment
		b: Formulate a research question and hypothesis.
		c: Plan your research
		d: Set up a research log
		e: Move from hypothesis to working thesis
	13: Doing Research
		a: Understand different kinds of sources
		b: Use the library to get started
		c: Find library resources
		d: Search the Internet effectively
		e: Conduct field research appropriately
	14: Evaluating Sources and Taking Notes
		a: Understand the purpose of sources
		b: Create a working bibliography
		c: Evaluate a source’s usefulness and credibility.
		d: Read critically, and interpret sources
		e: Synthesize sources
		f: Take notes and annotate sources
	15: Integrating Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism
		a: Decide whether to quote, paraphrase, or summarize
		b: Integrate quotations, paraphrases, and summaries effectively
		c: Integrate visuals and media effectively
		d: Check for excessive use of source material
		e: Understand why acknowledging sources matters
		f: Know which sources to acknowledge
		g: Recognize patchwriting
		h: Adapt structures and phrases from a genre without plagiarizing
		i: Uphold your academic integrity, and avoid plagiarism.
	16: Writing a Research Project
		a: Refine your writing plans
		b: Organize and draft
		c: Incorporate source materials
		d: Review and get responses to your draft
		e: Revise and edit your draft
		f: Prepare a list of sources
		g: Prepare and proofread your final copy
Academic, Professional, and Public Writing
	17: Academic Work in Any Discipline
		a: Read and write for every discipline
		b: Consider expectations for academic assignments
		c: Learn specialized vocabularies
		d: Study disciplinary style
		e: Use evidence effectively
		f: Use conventional patterns and formats
		g: Pay attention to ethical issues
		h: Collaborate effectively
	18: Writing for the Humanities
		a: Read texts in the humanities
		b: Write texts in the humanities
		c: A student’s close reading of poetry
	19: Writing for the Social Sciences
		a: Read texts in the social sciences
		b: Write texts in the social sciences
		c: An excerpt from a student’s psychology literature review
	20: Writing for the Natural and Applied Sciences
		a: Read texts in the natural and applied sciences
		b: Write texts in the natural and applied sciences
		c: An excerpt from a student’s chemistry lab report
	21: Writing for Business
		a: Read texts for business
			Memo
		b: Write texts for business
			Traditional Résumé
			Creative Résumé
	22: Making Design Decisions
		a: Choose a type of text
		b: Plan a visual structure
		c: Format print and digital texts appropriately
		d: Consider visuals and media
	23: Creating Presentations
		a: Consider assignment, purpose, and audience for presentations
		b: Write to be heard and remembered
		c: Create slides or other visuals
		d: Practice the presentation
		e: Deliver the presentation
		f: A student’s presentation
		g: Consider other kinds of presentations
	24: Communicating in Other Media
		a: Consider your rhetorical context
		b: Consider types of multimodal texts
		c: Plan features of texts
	25: Writing to Make Something Happen in the World
		a: Decide what should happen
		b: Connect with your audience
		c: Sample writing to make something happen in the world
Language
	26: Writing to the World
		a: Think about what seems “normal.”
		b: Clarify meaning
		c: Meet audience expectations
	27: Language That Builds Common Ground
		a: Examine assumptions and avoid stereotypes
		b: Examine assumptions about gender
		c: Examine assumptions about race and ethnicity
		d: Consider other kinds of difference
	28: Language Variety
		a: Use “standard” varieties of English appropriately
		b: Use varieties of English to evoke a place or community
		c: Build credibility within a community with language variety
		d: Bring in other languages appropriately
	29: Word Choice and Spelling
		a: Choose appropriate words for the context
		b: Consider denotations and connotations
		c: Use general and specific language effectively
		d: Use figurative language effectively
		e: Check usage with search engines and online databases
		f: Make spell checkers work for you
		g: Master spelling rules
Style
	30: Coordination, Subordination, and Emphasis
		a: Use coordination to relate equal ideas
		b: Use subordination to distinguish main ideas
		c: Use closing and opening positions for emphasis
	31: Consistency and Completeness
		a: Revise faulty sentence structure
		b: Match up subjects and predicates
		c: Use elliptical structures carefully
		d: Check for missing words
		e: Make comparisons complete, consistent, and clear
	32: Parallelism
		a: Make items in a series parallel
		b: Make paired ideas parallel
		c: Include all necessary words
	33: Shifts
		a: Revise unnecessary shifts in verb tense
		b: Revise unnecessary shifts in mood
		c: Revise unnecessary shifts in voice
		d: Revise unnecessary shifts in person and number
		e: Revise shifts between direct and indirect discourse
		f: Revise shifts in tone and word choice
	34: Conciseness
		a: Eliminate unnecessary words
		b: Simplify sentence structure
	35: Sentence Variety
		a: Vary sentence length
		b: Vary sentence openings
Sentence Grammar
	36: Parts of Speech
		a: Verbs
		b: Nouns
		c: Pronouns
		d: Adjectives
		e: Adverbs
		f: Prepositions
		g: Conjunctions
		h: Interjections
	37: Parts of Sentences
		a: The basic grammar of sentences
		b: Subjects
		c: Predicates
		d: Phrases
		e: Clauses
		f: Types of sentences
	38: Verbs and Verb Phrases
		a: Understand the five forms of verbs
		b: Form verb phrases appropriately
		c: Use appropriate forms of irregular verbs
		d: Choose between lie and lay, sit and set, rise and raise
		e: Use verb tenses appropriately
		f: Sequence verb tenses effectively
		g: Use active and passive voice effectively
		h: Understand mood and conditional sentences
	39: Nouns and Noun Phrases
		a: Use count and noncount nouns appropriately
		b: Use determiners appropriately
		c: Use articles conventionally
	40: Subject-Verb Agreement
		a: Understand subject-verb agreement
		b: Make separated subjects and verbs agree
		c: Make verbs agree with compound subjects
		d: Make verbs agree with collective nouns
		e: Make verbs agree with indefinite pronouns
		f: Make verbs agree with who, which, and that
		g: Make linking verbs agree with subjects
		h: Make verbs agree with subjects ending in -s
		i: Make verbs agree with subjects that follow
		j: Make verbs agree with titles and words used as words
	41: Pronouns
		a: Consider a pronoun’s role in the sentence
		b: Use who, whoever, whom, and whomever appropriately
		c: Consider case in compound structures
		d: Consider case in elliptical constructions
		e: Use we and us appropriately before a noun
		f: Make pronouns agree with antecedents
		g: Make pronouns refer to clear antecedents
	42: Adjectives and Adverbs
		a: Understand adjectives and adverbs
		b: Use adjectives after linking verbs
		c: Use adverbs to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs
		d: Choose appropriate comparative and superlative forms
		e: Consider nouns as modifiers
		f: Understand adjectives ending in -ed and -ing
		g: Put adjectives in order
		h: Avoid overuse of adverbs and adjectives
	43: Modifier Placement
		a: Revise misplaced modifiers
		b: Revise disruptive modifiers
		c: Revise dangling modifiers
	44: Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases
		a: Use prepositions idiomatically
		b: Use two-word verbs idiomatically
	45: Comma Splices and Fused Sentences
		a: Identify comma splices and fused sentences
		b: Separate the clauses into two sentences
		c: Link the clauses with a comma and a coordinating conjunction
		d: Link the clauses with a semicolon
		e: Rewrite the clauses as one independent clause.
		f: Rewrite one independent clause as a dependent clause
		g: Link the two clauses with a dash
	46: Sentence Fragments
		a: Identify sentence fragments
		b: Revise phrase fragments
		c: Revise compound-predicate fragments
		d: Revise dependent-clause fragments
Punctuation and Mechanics
	47: Commas
		a: Use commas to set off introductory words, phrases, and clauses
		b: Use commas with conjunctions that join clauses in compound sentences
		c: Use commas to set off nonrestrictive elements
		d: Use commas with items in a series
		e: Use commas to set off parenthetical and transitional expressions
		f: Use commas to set off contrasting elements, interjections, direct address, and tag questions
		g: Use commas with dates, addresses, titles, and numbers
		h: Use commas to set off most quotations
		i: Use commas to prevent confusion
		j: Eliminate unnecessary commas
	48: Semicolons
		a: Use semicolons to link independent clauses
		b: Use semicolons to separate items in a series containing other punctuation
		c: Revise misused semicolons
	49: End Punctuation
		a: Use periods appropriately
		b: Use question marks appropriately
		c: Use exclamation points appropriately
		d: Consider end punctuation in informal writing
	50: Apostrophes
		a: Use apostrophes appropriately to show possession
		b: Use apostrophes in contractions
		c: Avoid apostrophes in most plural forms
	51: Quotation Marks
		a: Use quotation marks to identify direct quotations
		b: Punctuate block quotations and poetry appropriately
		c: Use quotation marks for titles of shortworks
		d: Use quotation marks appropriately for definitions
		e: Use quotation marks to identify irony and invented terms
		f: Follow conventions for other punctuation with quotation marks
		g: Revise misused quotation marks
	52: Other Punctuation Marks
		a: Use parentheses appropriately
		b: Use brackets appropriately
		c: Use dashes appropriately
		d: Use colons appropriately
		e: Use slashes appropriately
		f: Use ellipses appropriately
	53: Capital Letters
		a: Capitalize the first word of a sentence or line of poetry
		b: Capitalize proper nouns and proper adjectives
		c: Capitalize titles of works
		d: Revise unnecessary capitalization
	54: Abbreviations and Numbers
		a: Abbreviate some titles before and all titles after proper names
		b: Abbreviate years and hours appropriately
		c: Abbreviate some business, government, and science terms
		d: Use abbreviations in official company names
		e: Use Latin abbreviations appropriately
		f: Use symbols and unit abbreviations appropriately
		g: Use other abbreviations according to convention
		h: Spell out numbers expressed in one or two words
		i: Spell out numbers that begin sentences
		j: Use figures according to convention
	55: Italics
		a: Italicize titles of long works
		b: Italicize words, letters, and numbers used as terms
		c: Italicize non-English words and phrases
	56: Hyphens
		a: Use hyphens with compound words
		b: Use hyphens with prefixes and suffixes
		c: Avoid unnecessary hyphens
MLA Documentation
	57: The Basics of MLA Style
		a: Think about what readers need from you
		b: Consider the context of your sources
		c: Plan and connect your citations
		d: Include notes as needed
		e: Format MLA manuscripts appropriately
	58: MLA Style for In-Text Citations
		Directory: Works-cited entries
	59: MLA Style for a List of Works Cited
		Directory: Works-cited entries
	60: A Student Research Essay, MLA Style
APA Documentation
	61: The Basics of APA Style
		a: Think about what readers need from you
		b: Identify the type of source you are using
		c: Plan and connect your citations
		d: Include notes as needed
		e: Format APA manuscripts appropriately
	62: APA Style for In-Text Citations
		Directory: In-text citations
	63: APA Style for a List of References
		Directory: References
	64: A Student Research Essay, APA Style
Chicago: Documentation
	65: The Basics of Chicago Style
		a: Consider what readers need from you
		b: Connect parts of citations
		c: Format Chicago manuscripts appropriately
	66: Chicago Style for Notes and Bibliographic Entries
		Directory: Notes and bibliographic entries
	67: An Excerpt from a Student Research Essay, Chicago Style
Glossaries and Index
Index with Glossary of Terms
Directories
Revision Symbols
Contents
Inside Back Cover
Back Cover