The ethics of suicide : historical sources

Content: I.      Introduction:  Sources of Conflict in Contemporary Controversies about Suicide 
 II.    Selections 
 Egyptian Didactic Tale (c. 2180-c. 2050 B.C.) 
 Dialogue of a Man With His Soul 
 The Vedas, Brahmanas, and Upanishads (c. 1500-c. 500 B.C.) 
 Rig Veda 
 Brahma Purana 
 Padme Purana 
 Skanda Purana 
 Chandogya Upanishad 
 Isha Upanishad 
 The Hebrew Bible and Apocrypha  (c. 12-1st centuries B.C.) 
 Genesis  The Prohibition of Suicide 
 Exodus: The Ten Commandments 
 Judges: Samson and the Philistines 
 I Samuel-II Samuel:  Saul and his Armor-Bearer 
 Job: The Sufferings of Job 
 II Maccabees:  The Suicide of Razis 
 Daniel: Shadrach, Meschach, Abednego and the Fiery Furnace 
 Homer (c. 8th century B.C.) 
 The Iliad:  The Deaths of Hector and Achilles 
 Dharmashastra (c. 600 B.C. - 200 A.D.) 
 Gautama Sutra 
 Apastamba Sutra 
 Vasistha Sutra 
 The Laws of Manu 
 The Jain Tradition (599-527 B.C. to 5th century A.D.) 
 Acaranga Sutra: Liberation 
 Tattvartha Sutra: Passionless End is Not Suicide 
 Upasakadasah: Ten Chapters on Lay Attenders: The Story of Ananda 
 Confucius  (551-479 B.C.) 
 The Analects 
 The Book of Filial Piety 
 Sophocles (c. 496-406 B.C.) 
 Ajax 
 Oedipus at Colonus 
 Euripides (c. 484-406 B.C.) 
 Suppliant Women: 
 The Suicide of Evadne, Watched by her Father 
 The Hippocratic Corpus (c. 450-c. 350 B.C.) 
 The Hippocratic Oath 
 About Maidens 
 Plato (c. 424-c. 348 B.C.) 
 Apology: On Being Condemned to Death 
 Phaedo: The Death of Socrates 
 The Republic: On Medicine 
 The Laws: Recidivist Criminals and Penalties for Suicide 
 Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) 
 Nicomachean Ethics 
 Mencius (c. 372-c. 289 B.C.) 
 The Mencius 
 Qu Yuan  (c. 340-278 B.C.) 
 Embracing Sand 
 Chrysippus   (c. 280-c. 206 B.C.) 
 The Stoics' Five Reasons for Suicide 
 Sima Qian (145 or 135-86 B.C.) 
 Records of the Grand Historian:  The Basic Annals of Xiang Yu 
 Records of the Grand Historian: The Assassin and his Sister 
 Letter in Reply to Ren Shaoqing 
 Cicero (106-43 B.C.) 
 Tusculan Disputations 
 On Ends 
 On Old Age 
 The Questions of King Milinda (c. 100 B.C.-c.200 A.D.) 
 On Suicide 
 Livy (c. 59 B.C.-17 A.D.) 
 The History of Rome: The Rape of Lucretia 
 Seneca (4 B.C.-65 A.D.) 
 Moral Letters to Lucilius 
 Letter 70: On the Proper Time to Slip the Cable 
 Letter 77: On Taking One's Own Life 
 Letter 78: On the Healing Power of the Mind 
 Valerius Maximus (fl. c. 14-c. 31) 
 Memorable Doings and Sayings 
 Pliny the Elder (23-79 A.D.) 
 Natural History 
 Of God 
 Nature of the Earth 
 Ignatius of Antioch (c. 30 or 50-117) 
 Epistle:  To the Romans 
 Josephus (37-c. 100) 
 The Jewish War 
 The Defeat at Jotapa 
 Mass Suicide at Masada 
 Plutarch (c. 46-c. 120) 
 Moralia: The Women of Miletus 
 Parallel Lives:  Cato the Younger 
 The New Testament (c. 50-c. 150) 
 Matthew: The Death of Judas 
 Acts:  Paul Prevents a Suicide 
 I Corinthians: The Body as Temple 
 Philippians: Paul in Prison: On the Desire to Die 
 The Lotus Sutra  (c. 50-c. 200) 
 Tacitus (c. 55-c.117) 
 The Annals:  The Death of Seneca 
 Epictetus (c. 55-c. 135) 
 Discourses 
 How From the Doctrine of Our Relationship to God We Are To 
 Deduce its Consequences 
 How We Should Bear Illness 
 Of Freedom 
 Pliny the Younger (62-113) 
 Letters 
 To Calestrius Tiro 
 To Catilius Severus 
 To Marcilius Nepos 
 To Calpurnius Macer 
 Justin Martyr (c. 100-165) 
 The Second Apology:  Why Christians Do Not Kill Themselves 
 Clement of Alexandria (c. 150-c. 215) 
 The Praises of Martyrdom 
 Those Who Offered Themselves for Martyrdom Reproved 
 Tertullian (c. 160-c. 220) 
 To the Martyrs 
 The Crown of Martyrdom 
 Bhagavad-Gita  (3rd century) 
 The Way to Eternal Brahman 
 Genesis  Rabbah (compiled 3rd-5th century) 
 Commentary on Genesis 9:5 
 Plotinus (204/205-270) 
 from The Enneads 
 Fourth Tractate:  On Happiness 
 Seventh Tractate: On the Primal Good and Secondary Forms of       Good 
 Ninth Tractate:  The Reasoned 'Dismissal' 
 Lactantius (c. 240-c. 320) 
 The Divine Institutes 
 Eusebius (c. 260-339) 
 Ecclesiastical History 
 Ambrose (337/340-397) 
 Of Virgins:  Letter to Marcellina 
 Augustine (354-430) 
 The City of God 
 On Free Choice and the Will 
 The Babylonian Talmud (3rd-6th centuries) 
 Bava Kama 
 Avodah Zarah 
 Gittin 
 Semahot 
 Bana (late 6th century-early 7th century) 
 Harsha-Carita, The Death of the Great King:  On Sati 
 Kadambari 
 The Quran (traditional date c. 632-c.650) 
 Surahs 2.54, 2.154, 2.195, 2.207, 3.145, 3.169-70, 4.29-30, 4.66, 4.74-80,      9.111, 18.6 
 Muhammad ibn Ismail al-Bukhari and Muslim al-Hajjaj (810-870
 c. 817/821-875) 
 Hadith 
 Ya'qub al-Qirqisani (c. 890-c.960) 
 The Book of Lighthouses and Watchtowers 
 Ahmad ibn Fadlan   (fl. 920s) 
 The Risala: By the River Volga, 922: Viking Ship-Burial 
 Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi (922/932-1023) 
 Borrowed Lights:  On Suicide 
 Murasaki Shikibu (970-1031) 
 The Tale of Genji 
 Jetsun Milarepa (c. 1052-c. 1135) 
 Songs of Milarepa 
 Abu-Hamid Muhammad al-Ghazali   (1056-1111) 
 Revival of the Religious Sciences 
 Tosafot (12th-14th centuries) 
 On Avodah Zarah 18a 
 Tosafot on the Torah 
 Henry de Bracton (c. 1210-1268) 
 On the Laws and Customs of England: Where a Man Commits 
 Felony Upon His Own Person 
 The Norse Sagas (c. 1220-c.1400) 
 Ynglinga Saga:  Odin Marks Himself with a Spear   [1930] [1844 
 Gautrek's Saga:  The Family Cliff 
 Njal's Saga:  The Burning of Njal 
 Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225-1274) 
 Summa Theologiae: Whether One is Allowed to Kill Oneself 
 Angela of Foligno (1248-1309) 
 The Book of Divine Consolation 
 Dante Alighieri  (1265-1321) 
 The Divine Comedy:  Inferno 
 Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Battuta (1304-1368/69 A.D.) 
 from Rihla: On Sati and Religious Suicide 
 Thomas More (1478-1535) 
 Utopia 
 A Dialogue of Comfort Against Tribulation 
 Martin Luther (1483-1546) 
 Table-Talk 
 Francisco de Vitoria (c.1483/92-1546) 
 Lecture on Homicide 
 Commentary on [Thomas Aquinas] Summa Theologiae IIa IIae Q. 64 
 John Calvin (1509-1564) 
 Sermons on Job 
 Solomon ben Jehiel Luria (1510-1573) 
 On Bava Kamma 
 Central and South American Native Cultures 
 (documented 1526-1621) 
 Aztec 
 Codex Chimalpopoca  (1570) 
 The Death of Quetzalcoatl 
 Letters from Mexico (1519-20) 
 (Hernan Cortes, 1519-20) 
 General History of the Things of New Spain (The Florentine Codex) 
 The Festival in the Month of Toxcatl 
 The Sun, Moon, and Stars, and the Binding of the 
 Years 
 (Bernardino de Sahagun, c. 1565) 
 Monarchia Indiana 
 Chimalpopoca's Victory in Death 
 (Juan de Torquemada, 1609-15) 
 In Defense of the Indians 
 (Bartolome de Las Casas, 1548-1550) 
 Maya: 
 Popol Vuh: 
 History of the Twins Hunahpu and Xbalanque 
 How the People Obtained Fire 
 (dictated in K'iche', c. 1554-1558
 Francisco Ximenez, c. 1701) 
 An Account of the Affairs of Yucatan 
 Ixtab: Goddess of the Gallows 
 (Diego de Landa, c. 1570) 
 Caribbean: 
 Natural History of the West Indies 
 Suicide on the Death of the Chief 
 (Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo, 1526) 
 La Historia General de las Indias 
 Suicide, Smallpox, and the Arrival of the Spaniards 
 (Francisco Lopez de Gomara, 1552) 
 Hhistory of the New World 
 Suffering at the Hands of the Spaniards 
 (Girolamo Benzoni, 1565) 
 Inca: 
 The Indias 
 The Burial of Wives 
 (Pedro de Cieza de Leon, 1553) 
 Natural & Moral History of the Indies 
 Of Superstitions They Used to the Dead 
 (Jose de Acosta, 1589) 
 La Extirpacion de la Idolatria en el Peru 
 What Those Who Hang Themselves Really Are 
 (Pablo Jose de Arriaga, 1621) 
 Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592 
 Of Cannibals 
 A Custom of the Island of Cea 
 Abu'l Fazl ibn Mubarak (1551-1602) 
 Biography of the Emperor Akbar:  On Jauhar and Saka 
 Willliam Shakespeare (1564-1616) 
 Hamlet, Prince of Denmark 
 Antony and Cleopatra 
 John Donne (1572-1631) 
 Biathanatos 
 Robert Burton (1577-1640) 
 Anatomy of Melancholy 
 John Sym (1581?-1638) 
 Lifes Preservative Against Self-Killing 
 Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) 
 Leviathan 
 A Dialogue of the Common Laws of England 
 Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) 
 Ethics 
 Samuel von Pufendorf (1632-1694) 
 Of the Law of Nature and Nations ) 
 John Locke (1632-1704) 
 Second Treatise of Government:  <
"Of the State of Nature>
" 
 Samuel Pepys (1633-1703) 
 Diary, January 21, 1668 
 Huang Liuhong (1633-c. 1710) 
 A Complete Book Concerning Happiness and Benevolence 
 North American Native Cultures (documented 1635-1970) 
 Northeast: 
 Ojibwa: 
 Mrs. Cochran Becoming a Windigo 
 (R. Landes, 1932-1935) 
 Micmac: 
 The Gaspesians: Suicide, Shame, and Despair. 
 (Chrestien Le Clercq, 1675-1686) 
 Huron: 
 Le Jeune's Relation 
 (Jean de Brebeuf
 Father Paul le Jeune 1635-36) 
 The Suicide of Children 
 (Anthony F.C. Wallace, citing LeMercier, 1600's) 
 Iroquois: 
 Suicide 
 (Father Joseph Francois Lafitau, 1712-17) 
 Suicide of the Widowed 
 (Baron de Lahontan, 1703) 
 The Song of Death 
 (Baron de Lahontan, 1703) 
 Seneca: 
 Murder and Suicide    (Mrs. Mary Jemison, 1817) 
 The Code of Handsome Lake 
 (Edward Cornplanter, Arthur C. Parker, 1850, 1913 
 The Suicide as Earthbound 
 (Jesse Cornplanter) 
 Southeast: 
 Cherokee: 
 Varieties of Shame: Time of Death, Pollution, and the      Disfigurement of Smallpox 
 (James Adair, 1775) 
 Natchez: 
 The Favorite Wife of the Chief Sun 
 (Jean-Bernard Bossu, 1751-1762) 
 Great Plains: 
 Comanche: 
 Elderly Persons <
"Thrown Away>
" 
 (Ernest Wallace & Edward Adamson Hoebel, 1933, 1945) 
 Suicide from Overwhelming Shame 
 (Edward Adamson Hoebel, 1940) 
 Arapaho: 
 The Rarity of Suicide
 When the Camp Moved 
 (M. Inez Hilger, 1935-1942) 
 Sioux: 
 Suicide among Sioux Women 
 (John Bradbury, 1809-11) 
 Cheyenne: 
 Two Twists in Battle 
 (Karl N. Llewellyn and Edward Adamson Hoebel, 1941) 
 Mandan: 
 Smallpox and the End of a Household 
 (Alfred W. Bowers, 1930-1931) 
 Crow: 
 Crazy-Dog Wishing to Die 
 (Robert H. Lowie, 1913) 
 The Lowest of the Low 
 (William Wildschut, 1918-1927
 1960) 
 Gros Ventre: 
 Singing the 'Brave-Song' 
 (Regina Flannery, 1940-48) 
 Blackfoot: 
 Suicide to Avoid Marriage 
 (George Bird Grinnell, 1888) 
 The Sandhills 
 (Adolf Hungry Wolf, 1977) 
 Kit-sta-ka Rejoins her Husband After the Sun Dance 
 (Walter McClintock, 1910) 
 When Wakes-Up-Last Murdered All of his Children 
 (Walter McClintock, 1968) 
 Southwest: 
 Navajo: 
 Notes on Navajo Suicide 
 (Leland C. Wyman and Betty Thorne, 1945) 
 The Destination of Witches and Suicides 
 (Leland C. Wyman, W.W. Hill, and Iva Osanai, 1942) 
 Reasons for Suicide 
 (D. Leighton and C. Kluckhohn, 1947) 
 Ending One's Life by Wishing to Die 
 (Franc Johnson Newcomb, 1915-1940) 
 Crazy Violence 
 (B. Kaplan and D. Johnson, 1964) 
 Navajo Suicide 
 (Jerrold E. Levy, 1965) 
 Hopi: 
 Making Arrangements for Suicide 
 (Edmund Nequatewa, 1936) 
 How the Hopi Marked the Boundary Line 
 (Edmund Nequatewa, 1936) 
 Girls Going Qovisti 
 (Mischa Titiev, 1932-1940) 
 Ute: 
 Postmenopausal Women 
 (John Wesley Powell, 1867-1880) 
 Pueblo: 
 Suicides as Cloud Beings 
 (Elsie Clews Parsons, 1939) 
 Ritual Revenge 
 (Ruth Benedict, 1934) 
 Jicarilla  Apache: 
 Apache War Customs 
 (M.E. Opler, 1936) 
 Mojave: 
 The First Death: Matavilye, and Suicide in Childbirth, Weaning, and Twins 
 (George Devereux, 1961) 
 West and Northwest Coast: 
 Pomo: 
 Psychological Suicide 
 (B.W. Aginsky, 1934-35) 
 Wintu and others: 
 Suicide in Northeastern California 
 (Erminie W. Voegelin, 1937) 
 Klamath: 
 The Stigma of Suicide 
 (Lucy Thompson, 1916) 
 Salish 
 Strained Sex Relations 
 (V. F. Ray, 1928-1930) 
 Salish 
 Suicide by Hanging 
 (W. Cline, 1930) 
 Kwakiutl 
 Shame 
 (Ruth Benedict, 1934) 
 Chilkotin/Talkotin 
 Barbarities  Practised  on Widows 
 (Ross Cox, citing M'Gillivray 1794-95) 
 Tlingit 
 Holding Others Responsible for Suicide 
 (Aurel Krause, 1881-1882
 1956) 
 Slaves: An Honor to Die at the Master's Funeral 
 (Albert F. Niblack, 1887) 
 Paying Damages for Suicide 
 (Livingston F. Jones, 1893-1914
 1914) 
 Kaska 
 Suicide and Intoxication 
 (John Joseph Honigmann, 1943-1945) 
 Daidoji Yuzan (1639-1730) 
 Beginner's Book of Bushido 
 Increase Mather (1639-1723) 
 A Call to the Tempted 
 Chikamatsu Monzaemon (1653-1725) 
 The Love Suicides at Sonesaki 
 John Adams (1662-1720) 
 An Essay Concerning Self-Murther 
 Cotton Mather (1663-1728) 
 Memorable Providences Relating to Witchcrafts and Possessions 
 Isaac Watts (1674-1748) 
 A Defense Against the Temptation to Self-Murther 
 Montesquieu (1689-1755) 
 Persian Letters 
 Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans 
 and their Decline 
 The Spirit of the Laws 
 Voltaire (1694-1778) 
 Philosophical Dictionary 
 Caleb Fleming (1698-1779) 
 A Dissertation Upon the Unnatural Crime of 
 Self-Murder (1773) 
 John Wesley (1703-1791) 
 Thoughts on Suicide 
 David Hume (1711-1776) 
 Essay on Suicide 
 To John Home of Ninewells 
 Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) 
 Julie, or The New Heloise, Letters 114, 115 
 William Blackstone (1723-1780) 
 Commentaries on the Laws of England: Homicide 
 Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach  (1723-1789) 
 The System of Nature 
 Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) 
 Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals 
 The Metaphysical Principles of Virtue: Man's Duty to Himself Insofar as 
 He Is an Animal Being 
 Lectures on Ethics: Duties Towards The Body in Regard to Life 
 Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) 
 Of Crimes and Punishments 
 Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) 
 A Bill for Proportioning Crimes and Punishments in Cases Heretofore Capital 
 Letter to Dr. Samuel Brown, July 14, 1813 
 Olaudah Equiano (c. 1745-1797) 
 The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus 
 Vassa, the African, Written by Himself 
 Richard Hey (1745-1835) 
 Dissertation on Suicide 
 Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) 
 Principles of Penal Law 
 Principles of Judicial Procedure 
 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) 
 The Sorrows of Young Werther 
 Poetry and Truth from My Own Life 
 William Godwin (1756-1836) 
 Enquiry Concerning Political Justice 
 Memoirs of the Author of a Vindication of the Rights of Woman 
 Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814) 
 The Science of Ethics as Based on the Science of Knowledge 
 Ephraim Zalman Margolioth (1762-1828) 
 Bet Efrayim 
 Ann Louise Germaine de Stael (1766-1817) 
 On the Influence of the Passions 
 Reflections on Suicide 
 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831) 
 The Philosophy of Right 
 Novalis (1772-1801) 
 Novices of Sais 
 Jean-Etienne-Dominique Esquirol (1772-1840) 
 Mental Maladies:  Treatise on Insanity 
 Rammohun Roy (1774-1833) 
 Conference Between an Advocate For, and an Opponent Of, the Practice of Burning Widows Alive 
 Thomas de Quincey (1785-1859) 
 Essays in Philosophy:  On Suicide 
 Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) 
 The World as Will and Idea 
 Studies in Pessimism:  On Suicide 
 Giacomo Leopardi (1798-1837) 
 Dialogue between Plotinus and Porphyry 
 John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) 
 Autobiography 
 Deaths of Casimir Perier and Georges Cuvier 
 Penal Code for India 
 Diary, March 8, 1854 
 On Liberty 
 Forbes Winslow (1810-1874) 
 The Anatomy of Suicide:  Can Suicide 
 Be Prevented by Legislative Enactment? 
 Karl Marx (1818-1883) 
 Peuchet on Suicide 
 Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) 
 Note, Christmas Eve, 1850 
 From Nightingale's draft novel 
 Draft for Suggestions for Thought to Searchers After Religious Truth (1860) 
 Notes on Nursing 
 Note to Benjamin Jowett (c. 1866) 
 Reflections on Robert Falconer (1868) 
 <
"Truth and Feeling,>
" 1871 or later 
 Mysticism and Eastern Religions 
 Oceanic Cultures (documented 1820-1983) 
 Melanesia 
 Fiji: 
 The Principal Wife of the Chief 
 (William Mariner, 1820) 
 Elderly Parents and the Time to Die 
 (Charles Wilkes, 1845) 
 Deaths of the Old Chief and his Wives (Thomas Williams, 1858) 
 Solomon Islands: 
 Tikopian Attitudes Towards Suicide 
 (Raymond Firth, 1967) 
 Papua New Guinea: 
 Kiriwina/The Trobriand Islands: 
 Suicide as an Act of Justice 
 Expiation and Insult: Jumping from a Palm 
 (Bronislaw Malinowski, 1916, 1926) 
 The Kaliai: Good Death, Bad Death 
 (David R. Counts and Dorothy Ayers Counts, 1983-84) 
 Micronesia: 
 Guam: 
 A Tale of Two Lovers: Tying Their Hair Together 
 (Freycinet, 1819) 
 Chuuk: 
 Sea Spirit Spasms 
 (Frank Joseph Mahony, (1950-1968), 1970) 
 Group Rejection and Suicide 
 (Thomas Gladwin and Seymour Bernard Sarason, 1953) 
 Polynesia: 
 Samoa: 
 "Who Will Go With Me?" 
 (George Turner, 1884) 
 Tonga: 
 The Love-Sick of Vavau 
 (Basil Thomson, 1886-1891, 1894) 
 Niue Island: 
 Traditions of Niue 
 (Edwin M. Loeb, 1926) 
 Pukapuka, Cook Islands: 
 After Defeat in Fighting: Burying Oneself Alive 
 (Ernest Beaglehole and Pearl Beaglehole, 1938) 
 Marquesas: 
 Coconut Rites for Suicide 
 Tahia-noho-uu (E. S. Craighill Handy, 1920-1921, 1923, 1930) 
 Mangareva, Gambier Islands: 
 Cliff Suicide: The Privilege of Women 
 (Te Rangi Hiroa [Sir Peter H. Buck], 1938) 
 New Zealand: 
 The Maori Myth of Tane 
 The Myth of Rakuru 
 (John White, 1887) 
 Maori: Tupu and Mate 
 (J. Prtyz Johansen, 1954) 
 The Spirit 
 The Dying Maori Chief and his Old and Young Wives 
 (Frederick Edward Maning, 1922) 
 Hawaii 
 The Secrecy of the Bones of a Chief 
 (Laura C. Green and Martha Warren Beckwith, 1926) 
 Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821-1881) 
 The Diary of a Writer 
 In Lieu of a Preface on the Great and Little Bears, on the 
 Prayer of the Great Goethe, And, Generally, on Bad Habits 
 Two Suicides 
 The Verdict 
 Arbitrary Assertions 
 A Few Words About Youth 
 On Suicides and Haughtiness 
 The Boy Celebrating His Saint's Day 
 The Dream of a Strange Man: A Fantastic Story 
 Robert Ingersoll (1833-1899) 
 Is Suicide a Sin? 
 A.B. Mitford, Lord Redesdale (1837-1916) 
 An Account of the Hara-Kiri 
 Arctic Cultures (documented 1840-1940) 
 Eskimo of Diomede Island 
 Father and Son 
 (documented by Weyer 1932) 
 Aleut 
 Are the Aleut Prone to Commit Suicide? 
 (documented by Veniaminov, 1840) 
 St. Lawrence Eskimo 
 Notes on Eskimo Patterns of Suicide 
 (documented by Leighton and Hughes 1940) 
 Ingalik 
 Suicide as Shameful or Insane 
 (documented by Osgood, 1937) 
 Copper Eskimo 
 Death Taboos 
 (documented by Rasmussen 1921-24) 
 Suicide as Rare 
 (documented by Jenness 1913-18) 
 Eskimo of Cumberland Sound 
 Man's Two Souls:  The Afterlife 
 (documented by Boas 1883-84) 
 Caribou Eskimo 
 Moral Rights, Social Obligations 
 (documented by Birket-Smith 1921-24) 
 Netsilik Eskimo 
 Famine
 On the Treatment of the Aged 
 (documented by Rasmussen 1921-24) 
 Iglulik Eskimo 
 The Moon Spirit 
 Death, and Life in the Land of the Dead 
 Those Who Were Left Behind 
 (documented by Rasmussen 1921-24) 
 Hudson Bay Inuit 
 Desertion of Old Women 
 (documented by Turner 1882-84, 1889-90) 
 Eskimo of Baffin Island 
 Theological Questions 
 (documented by Hall 1860-62) 
 Tribal Life 
 (documented by Bilby 1923) 
 Labrador Eskimo 
 Respect for the Aged 
 (documented by Hawkes 1914) 
 Greenland Eskimo 
 The Old Woman and the Cliff 
 (documented by Nansen 1893) 
 Eduard von Hartmann (1842-1906) 
 Philosophy of the Unconscious 
 William James (1842-1910) 
 The Principles of Psychology 
 Is Life Worth Living? 
 Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) 
 Thus Spake Zarathustra: Voluntary Death 
 The Twilight of the Idols: A Moral for Doctors 
 African Traditional SubSaharan Cultures (documented 1853-) 
 African Origin Myths:  Man Desires Death 
 [compiled by Hans Abrahamsson] 
 Dogon: 
 The Souls of the Dogons 
 [documented by Solange de Ganay, field date 1937-39] 
 LoDagaa: 
 The Day of Death: Restraining the Bereaved to Prevent Suicide 
 [documented by Jack Goody, 1962] 
 Akan: 
 The Detection of Witches: Ordeal and Punishment 
 Ashanti: 
 Law and Constitution:  A Suicide's Trial 
 [documented by Capt. R. S. Rattray, 1929] 
 Funeral Rites for Babies and Kings 
 [documented by Capt. R. S. Rattray, 1929] 
 [1923/27] 
 The Price of Intrigue with Women of Royal Blood 
 [documented by A. B. Ellis, 1887] 
 Fante: 
 Killing Oneself <
"Upon the Head of Another": The Tragedy of 
 Adjuah Amissah 
 [documented by Brodie Cruickshank, 1853] 
 Ga: 
 The Prohibition of Death 
 [documented by M. J. Field, 1937] 
 Ewe: 
 The Criminality of Suicide 
 [documented by A.B. Ellis, 1890] 
 Yoruba: 
 The Kings of the Yoruba 
 [documented by Samuel Johnson, 1897] 
 Sango: The God of Thunder and Lightning 
 The King's Natural and Official Mothers 
 Children Born to Die 
 Wearing the Death Cloth 
 The Fate of Despots 
 Yoruba Laws and Customs: Suicide 
 [documented by A. K. Ajisafe, 1924] 
 Igbo: 
 Evil Spirits 
 [documented by Northcote W. Thomas, 1913] 
 Sacrifices, Death, and Burial 
 [documented by G. T. Basden, 1938] 
 A Murderer Must Hang Himself 
 An Old Woman's Prearranged Funeral 
 [documented by G. T. Basden, 1921] 
 Zulu: 
 The Timely Death 
 Godusa: The Old Woman and the Antbear's Hole 
 [documented by R.C.A. Samuelson, 1929] 
 Ukugodusa: The First Woman Who Became a Christian 
 [documented by L. H. Samuelson, 1912] 
 The Burial of a King 
 [documented by R.C.A. Samuelson, 1929] 
 Banyoro: 
 The Ghost of a Suicide 
 Dinka: 
 The Folktale of the Four Truths 
 Burial Alive:  The Master of the Fishing-Spear 
 Hindu Widow, Anonymous (1889) 
 Hindu Widows.  By One of Themselves 
 Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) 
 The Psychopathology of Everyday Life 
 Contributions to a Discussion on Suicide 
 Mourning and Melancholia 
 The Psychogenesis of a Case of Homosexuality in a Woman 
 The Economic Problem of Masochism 
 Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) 
 Suicide 
 Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935) 
 The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman 
 Suicide Note, August 17, 1935 
 The Right to Die-I 
 Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869-1948) 
 Indian Home Rule 
 An Autobiography:  The Story of My Experiments with Truth 
 Non-Violence in Peace and War 
 Alfred Adler (1870-1937) 
 Suicide 
 Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) 
 Letters: 
 July 10, 1946
 
 July 25, 1946
 
 Oct. 13, 1951
 
 Nov. 10, 1955 
 John Haynes Holmes (1879-1964) 
 Is Suicide Justifiable? 
 Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) 
 Mrs. Dalloway 
 A Room of One's Own 
 Journal, May 15, 1941 
 Letter to Leonard Woolf, March 18, 1941 
 Paul Tillich (1886-1965) 
 The Courage to Be 
 Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) 
 Notebooks 1914-1916 
 Letters 
 Mao Zedong (1893-1976) 
 The Suicide of Miss Zhao 
 Szmul Zygielbojm (1895-1943) 
 Letter to the President and Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland 
 Paul-Louis Landsberg (1901-1944) 
 The Moral Problem of Suicide 
 Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906-1945) 
 Ethics:  Last and Penultimate Things 
 Albert Camus (1913-1960) 
 The Myth of Sisyphus 
 Notebooks 
 Japanese Naval Special Attack Force (Kamikaze Corps) (b. 1920s) 
 Last Letters Home (1944-1945) 
 Murtaza Mutahhari (1920-1979) 
 The Martyr:  On Jihad, Suicide and Martyrdom 
 Thich Nhat Hanh (1926-) 
 The Lotus in a Sea of Fire 
 Mary Rose Barrington (1926- ) 
 Apologia for Suicide 
 Daniel Callahan (1930-        ) 
 Reason, Self-determination, and Physician-Assisted Suicide 
 Sylvia Plath (1932-1963) 
 The Bell Jar 
 Peter Y. Windt (?-) 
 The Concept of Suicide