The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging

Preface to the Third Edition
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Contents
SECTION Basic Concepts
	Introduction to Medical Imaging
		The Modalities
		Image Properties
	Radiation and the Atom
		Radiation
		Structure of the Atom
	Interaction of Radiation with Matter
		Particle Interactions
		X-ray and Gamma-Ray Interactions
		Attenuation of x-rays and Gamma Rays
		Absorption of Energy from X-rays and Gamma Rays
		Imparted Energy, Equivalent Dose, and Effective Dose
	Image Quality
		Spatial Resolution
		Convolution
		Physical Mechanisms of Blurring
		The Frequency Domain
		Contrast Resolution
		Noise Texture: The Noise Power Spectrum
		Contrast
		Contrast-to-Noise Ratio
		Signal-to-Noise Ratio
		Contrast-Detail Diagrams
		Detective Quantum Efficiency
		Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves
	Medical Imaging Informatics
		Analog and Digital Representation of Data
		Digital Radiological Images
		Digital Computers
		Information Storage Devices
		Display of Digital Images
		Computer Networks
		PACS and Teleradiology
		Image Processing
		Security, Including Availablility
SECTION Diagnostic Radiology
	x-ray Production, X-ray Tubes, and x-ray Generators
		Production of x-rays
		x-ray Tubes
		x-ray Generators
		Power Ratings and Heat Loading and Cooling
		Factors Affecting x-ray Emission
	Radiography
		Geometry of Projection Radiography
		Screen-Film Radiography
		Computed Radiography
		Charge-Coupled Device and Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor detectors
		Flat Panel Thin-Film-Transistor Array Detectors
		Technique Factors in Radiography
		Scintillators and Intensifying Screens
		Absorption Efficiency and Conversion Efficiency
		Other Considerations
		Radiographic Detectors, Patient Dose, and Exposure Index
		Dual-Energy Radiography
		Scattered Radiation in Projection Radiographic Imaging
	Mammography
		x-ray Tube and Beam Filtration
		x-ray Generator and Phototimer System
		Compression, Scattered Radiation, and Magnification
		Screen-Film Cassettes and Film Processing
		Digital Mammography
		Radiation Dosimetry
		Regulatory Requirements
	Fluoroscopy
		Functionality
		Fluoroscopic Imaging Chain Components
		Fluoroscopic Detector Systems
		Automatic Exposure Rate Control
		Fluoroscopy Modes of Operation
		Image Quality in Fluoroscopy
		Fluoroscopy Suites
		Radiation Dose
	Computed Tomography
		Clinical Use
		CT System Designs
		Modes of CT Acquisition
		CT Reconstruction
		Image Quality in CT
		CT Image Artifacts
		CT Generations
	X-ray Dosimetry in Projection Imaging and Computed Tomography
		Attenuation of X-rays in Tissue
		Dose-Related Metrics in Radiography and Fluoroscopy
		Monte Carlo Dose Computation
		Equivalent Dose
		Organ Doses from X-ray Procedures
		Effective Dose
		Absorbed Dose in Radiography and Fluoroscopy
		CT Dosimetry and Organ Doses
		Computation of Radiation Risk to the Generic Patient
		Computation of Patient-Specific Radiation Risk Estimates
		Diagnostic Reference Levels
		Increasing Radiation Burden from Medical Imaging
		Summary: Dose Estimation in Patients
	Magnetic Resonance Basics: Magnetic Fields, Nuclear Magnetic Characteristics, Tissue Contrast, Image Acquisition
		Magnetism, Magnetic Fields, and Magnets
		The Magnetic Resonance Signal
		Magnetization Properties of Tissues
		Basic Acquisition Parameters
		Basic Pulse Sequences
		MR Signal Localization
		“K-Space” Data Acquisition and Image Reconstruction
		Summary
	Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Advanced Image Acquisition Methods, Artifacts, Spectroscopy, Quality Control, Siting, Bioeffects, and Safety
		Image Acquisition Time
		MR Image Characteristics
		Signal from Flow
		Perfusion and Diffusion Contrast Imaging
		Magnetization Transfer Contrast
		MR Artifacts
		Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
		Ancillary Components
		Magnet Siting, Quality Control
		MR Bioeffects and Safety
		Summary
	Ultrasound
		Characteristics of Sound
		Interactions of Ultrasound with Matter
		Ultrasound Transducers
		Ultrasound Beam Properties
		Image Data Acquisition
		Two-Dimensional Image Display and Storage
		Doppler Ultrasound
		Miscellaneous Ultrasound Capabilities
		Ultrasound Image Quality and Artifacts
		Ultrasound System Performance and Quality Assurance
		Acoustic Power and Bioeffects
		Summary
SECTION Nuclear Medicine
	Radioactivity and Nuclear Transformation
		Radionuclide Decay Terms and Relationships
		Nuclear Transformation
	Radionuclide Production, Radiopharmaceuticals, and Internal Dosimetry
		Radionuclide Production
		Radiopharmaceuticals
		Internal Dosimetry
		Regulatory Issues
	Radiation Detection and Measurement
		Types of Detectors and Basic Principles
		Gas-Filled Detectors
		Scintillation Detectors
		Semiconductor Detectors
		Pulse Height Spectroscopy
		Nonimaging Detector Applications
		Counting Statistics
	Nuclear Imaging—The Scintillation Camera
		Planar Nuclear Imaging: The Anger Scintillation Camera
		Computers in Nuclear Imaging
	Nuclear Imaging—Emission Tomography
		Focal Plane Tomography in Nuclear Medicine
		Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
		Positron Emission Tomography
		Dual Modality Imaging—SPECT/CT, PET/CT, and PET/MRI
		Clinical Aspects, Comparison of PET and SPECT, and Dose
SECTION Radiation Biology and Protection
	Radiation Biology
		Overview
		Interaction of Radiation with Tissue
		Molecular and Cellular Response to Radiation
		Organ System Response to Radiation
		Whole Body Response to Radiation: The Acute Radiation Syndrome
		Radiation-Induced Carcinogenesis
		Hereditary Effects of Radiation Exposure
		Radiation Effects
	Radiation Protection
		Sources of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation
		Personnel Dosimetry
		Radiation Detection Equipment in Radiation Safety
		Fundamental Principles and Methods of Exposure Control
		Structural Shielding of Imaging Facilities
		Radiation Protection in Diagnostic and Interventional X-ray Imaging
		Radiation Protection in Nuclear Medicine
		Regulatory Agencies and Radiation Exposure Limits
		Prevention of Errors
		Management of Radiation Safety Programs
		IMAGING OF PREGNANT AND POTENTIALLY PREGNANT PATIENTS
		Medical Emergencies Involving Ionizing Radiation
SECTION Appendices
	Fundamental Principles of Physics
		Physics Laws, Quantities, and Units
		Classical Physics
		Electricity and Magnetism
	Digital Computers
		Components and Operation of Computers
		Performance of Computers
		Computer Software
	Physical Constants, Prefixes, Geometry, Conversion Factors, and Radiologic Data
	Mass Attenuation Coefficients
		Mass Attenuation Coefficients for Selected Elements
		Mass Attenuation Coefficients for Selected Compounds
		Mass Energy Attenuation Coefficients for Selected Detector Compounds
	Effective Doses, Organ Doses, and Fetal Doses from Medical Imaging Procedures
	Radiopharmaceutical Characteristics and Dosimetry
	Convolution and Fourier Transforms
		Convolution
		The Fourier Transform
		The Fourier Transform in Filtered Backprojection
		The Fourier Transform and the Modulation Transfer Function
		Fourier Analysis of Noise: The Noise Power Spectrum
	Radiation Dose: Perspectives and Comparisons
	Radionuclide Therapy Home Care Guidelines
		General Safety Guide for Outpatients Receiving Radioiodine Therapy: Less Than 10 mci
		General Safety Guide for Outpatients Receiving Radioiodine Therapy: More Than 10 mci
	Index
Index