The Enteric Nervous System

The Enteric Nervous System......Page 2
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 12
Abbreviations......Page 14
1: Structure of the enteric nervous system......Page 18
The enteric plexuses......Page 20
Interconnections between the plexuses......Page 31
Extent of the ganglionated plexuses......Page 32
Electron microscope studies......Page 34
Enteric glia......Page 37
The structural similarities and functional differences between regions may have an evolutionary basis......Page 38
Development of the enteric nervous system......Page 40
Maturation of enteric neurons and development of function......Page 43
Changes in enteric neurons with aging......Page 44
Summary and conclusions......Page 45
2: Constituent neurons of the enteric nervous system......Page 46
Shapes of enteric neurons......Page 48
Cell physiological classifications of enteric neurons......Page 60
Functionally defined enteric neurons......Page 70
Neurons in human intestine with equivalence to those investigated in laboratory animals......Page 93
Summary and conclusions......Page 95
Evolution of ideas about enteric circuitry......Page 97
Motility controlling circuits of the small and large intestine......Page 98
Intrinsic secretomotor and vasomotor circuits......Page 105
Assemblies of neurons......Page 110
Circuits in the esophagus and stomach......Page 113
Circuits connecting the intestine, biliary system, and pancreas,......Page 115
Sympathetic innervation of the gastrointestinal tract......Page 116
Summary and conclusions......Page 118
Chemical coding and multiple transmitters......Page 120
Transmitters of motor neurons that innervate the smooth muscle of the gut......Page 121
Transmitters at neuro-neuronal synapses......Page 128
Sites within the reflex circuitry where specific pharmacologies of transmission can be deduced to occur......Page 137
Transmission from entero-endocrine cells to IPANs......Page 143
Roles of interstitial cells of Cajal in neuromuscular transmission......Page 144
Transmitters of secretomotor and vasodilator neurons......Page 145
Summary and conclusions......Page 147
Rhythmic activity of gastrointestinal muscle......Page 149
Structure and properties of interstitial cells of Cajal......Page 151
Relationship between slow wave activity and neural control......Page 155
Gastric motility......Page 157
Patterns of small intestine motility and their intrinsic neural control......Page 164
Motility of the colon......Page 174
Neural control of the esophagus......Page 176
Gall bladder motility......Page 177
Sphincters......Page 178
Muscle of the mucosa......Page 182
Mechanism of sympathetic inhibition of motility in non-sphincter regions......Page 183
Sympathetic innervation of the sphincters......Page 186
Physiological effects of noradrenergic neurons on motility in undisturbed animals......Page 187
Reflex activities of sympathetic neurons that affect motility......Page 188
Summary and conclusions......Page 195
Water and electrolyte secretion in the small and large intestines......Page 197
Reflex control of water and electrolyte secretion......Page 199
Secretion of gastric acid......Page 206
Pepsinogen secretion......Page 211
Secretion into the gall bladder......Page 212
Pancreatic exocrine secretion......Page 213
Summary and conclusions......Page 215
7: Disorders of motility and secretion and therapeutic targets in the enteric nervous system......Page 217
Therapeutic endpoints for motility disorders......Page 218
Therapies for secretory diarrheas......Page 222
Enteric neuropathies involving neuronal loss or phenotypic changes......Page 223
Mitochondriopathies with intestinal manifestations......Page 224
Irritable bowel syndrome and plasticity of enteric neurons......Page 225
Summary and conclusions......Page 227
Epilogue: the future of enteric neurobiology......Page 228
References......Page 231
Index......Page 284