The English legal system, 2012-2013

THE ENGLISH LEGAL SYSTEM......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Contents......Page 4
Preface......Page 10
Introduction and Overview......Page 12
Acknowledgments......Page 16
Guide to Using the Book......Page 17
Guide to the Companion Website......Page 19
List of Figures......Page 22
Table of Cases......Page 24
Table of Statutes......Page 36
Table of Statutory Instruments......Page 46
Table of European Legislation......Page 48
Table of Abbreviations......Page 50
1.1 Introduction......Page 54
1.2 The nature of law......Page 55
1.3 Categories of law......Page 57
1.4 Approaches to law and legal study......Page 69
1.5 Skills......Page 71
2.2 The rule of law......Page 74
2.3 The rule of law and the judiciary......Page 83
2.4 Human rights discourse and the rule of law......Page 96
2.5 The Human Rights Act 1998......Page 97
3.3 Legislation......Page 132
3.4 Statutory interpretation......Page 144
3.5 Delegated or subordinate legislation......Page 162
3.6 Case law......Page 168
3.8 Custom......Page 201
3.9 Law reform......Page 203
4.1 Introduction......Page 214
4.2 Her Majesty’s Courts and Tribunals Service......Page 215
4.3 Magistrates’ courts......Page 217
4.4 County courts......Page 218
4.5 The High Court of Justice......Page 220
4.6 Appeals from the High Court......Page 223
4.7 The Court of Appeal (Civil Division)......Page 224
4.8 The Appeal process......Page 225
4.9 The Supreme Court......Page 230
4.11 Judicial Committee of the Privy Council......Page 232
5.1 Introduction......Page 238
5.2 The need for reform......Page 239
5.3 The new civil process......Page 242
5.4 Case control (CPR Part 3)......Page 247
5.5 Court and track allocation (CPR Part 26)......Page 253
5.6 Documentation and procedures......Page 256
5.7 Public and private hearings (CPR Part 39)......Page 263
5.8 Appeals (CPR Part 52)......Page 264
5.10 Damages......Page 266
5.11 Equitable remedies......Page 269
5.12 Costs (CPR Parts 44–48)......Page 271
5.13 What has the new system achieved?......Page 272
5.14 Enforcement of civil remedies......Page 275
6.1 Introduction......Page 286
6.2 Magistrates’ courts......Page 287
6.3 The Crown Court......Page 298
6.4 Magistrates’ Courts v Crown Courts......Page 301
6.5 Criminal appeals......Page 302
6.8 Royal Commission on Criminal Justice......Page 311
6.9 Criminal Cases Review Commission......Page 312
6.10 A miscarriage of justice......Page 314
6.11 Reform of the criminal courts......Page 316
6.12 Coroners’ courts......Page 322
7.1 Introduction......Page 328
7.2 Mistrust of the system......Page 330
7.3 Arrest......Page 335
7.4 Interrogation, confession and admissibility of evidence......Page 360
7.5 Revised PACE codes......Page 387
7.6 The Criminal Justice Act 2003 amendments of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984......Page 389
8.1 Introduction......Page 396
8.2 The Crown Prosecution Service......Page 397
8.3 Bail......Page 411
8.4 Plea bargaining......Page 421
8.5 The sentencing process, the separation of powers and the HRA......Page 425
9.2 The constitutional role of the judiciary......Page 450
9.3 Judicial offi ces......Page 463
9.4 Appointment of judiciary......Page 467
9.5 Training of the judiciary......Page 484
9.6 Retirement of judges......Page 490
9.7 Judicial conduct and discipline......Page 491
9.8 Judicial immunity from suit......Page 495
9.9 Magistrates......Page 496
10.2 Law and logic......Page 514
10.3 Reasoning in general......Page 515
10.4 Judicial reasoning......Page 518
10.5 Judicial review......Page 523
10.6 Politics and the judiciary......Page 528
10.7 Politics of the judiciary......Page 536
11.1 Introduction......Page 550
11.2 The role of the jury......Page 552
11.3 The jury’s function in trials......Page 553
11.4 The selection of the jury......Page 559
11.5 Racial bias in juries......Page 572
11.6 The decline of the jury trial......Page 577
11.7 Future jury reform......Page 586
11.8 Investigation of jury behaviour......Page 591
11.9 Conclusion......Page 598
12.1 Introduction......Page 604
12.2 Mediation and conciliation......Page 606
12.3 The courts and mediation......Page 609
12.4 Arbitration......Page 618
12.5 Administrative tribunals......Page 624
12.6 Ombudsman......Page 637
13.1 Introduction......Page 652
13.2 The legal profession......Page 658
13.3 Solicitors......Page 659
13.4 Barristers......Page 668
13.5 Professional etiquette......Page 671
13.6 The Courts and Legal Services Act 1990......Page 677
14.2 Background to recent changes......Page 690
14.3 The legal aid scheme......Page 691
14.5 The community legal service......Page 698
14.6 Community legal advice centres and networks......Page 706
14.7 The Criminal Defence Service......Page 707
14.8 Public Defender Service......Page 709
14.9 The Magee Review 2009......Page 710
14.10 The voluntary sector......Page 711
14.11 Conditional fee arrangements......Page 712
14.12 Reforms to legal aid......Page 719
15.1 Introduction......Page 732
15.2 Sources of European Union Law......Page 744
15.3 The institutions of the European Union......Page 746
15.4 The European Court of Human Rights......Page 757
15.5 The European Convention and the European Union......Page 769
General Legal Websites......Page 776
General Reading......Page 778
Index......Page 784