The Emerald Handbook of Group and Team Communication Research

Cover
The Emerald Handbook of Group and Team Communication Research
Copyright
Dedication
Table of Contents
List of Figures and Tables
About the Contributors
1. Introduction to the Emerald Handbook of Group and Team Communication Research
	Abstract
	References
2. Group Communication: A Continued Evolution
	Abstract
	Group Communication as Pedagogy
	Group Communication as a Research Tradition
		Studying Groups in Their Context
	Group Communication: 2000 Forward
		Virtual and Digital Team Communication
		Information Sharing in Groups
		Hidden Profile Paradigm
		Transactive Memory Systems
	Communication as Central to Group Processes
	Claiming Disciplinary Territory
	Creating Interdisciplinary Connections
		Technology as an Interdisciplinary Point
	Group Communication Research Methods
		Interaction Analysis
		Multilevel Modeling
		Qualitative Methods
			Ethnographic Research on Groups and Teams
	Summary
	Notes
	References
3. Defining Groups
	Abstract
	Group Size
	Group Identity
	Interdependence among Group Members
	Group Goal
	Group Structure
	Groups and Teams Labels
	Context Matters
	Conclusion
	References
4. The Use of the Word Context in Group Communication Research
	Abstract
	Literature Review
	Method
	Findings
		Internal Contextual Influence
			Characteristics of Group Members and the Group
			Group Culture
		External Contextual Influence
			Environment
			Social Pressures
	Other Influences
		Group as Context
		Group Types as Context
		Theoretical Frameworks as Context
	Implications
	Conclusion
	References
5. Group Communication Theory: New Theories and Perspectives
	Abstract
	Group Participation: Its Causes and Consequences
	Processual Communication Networks
	Communication and Teamwork
	Leadership and Communication
	Sequences and Cycles in Decision making and Problem-solving Processes
	Interventions to Improve Group Performance
	Future Directions
	References
6. Quantitative Analysis of Group Data: Multilevel Latent Variable Models
	Abstract
	Multilevel Structural Equation Models
	MSEM and Collective Constructs
		Conceptual Issues
		Design Issues
		Statistical Considerations
	Other Relevant Multilevel Latent Models
		Latent Contextual Analysis
		Latent Class Analysis
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
7. Qualitative Methods for Studying Group Communication
	Abstract
	Situating Qualitative Research within Theoretical Frames for Studying Groups
	Qualitative Data Collection Methods in Small Group Research
		Examining Sum of Parts: Holistic Approaches to Studying Group Communication
			Challenges and Best Practices for Ethnographic and Observational Group Research
		Focus Group Data Collection: Zero-history versus Bona Fide Groups
			Challenges and Best Practices for Focus Group Data Collection
		Examining Parts of the Whole: Individual Perspectives of Small Group Interaction
			Challenges and Best Practices to Interviewing Members of Small Groups
		Common Analytic Methods in Qualitative Small Group Research
			Qualitative Content Analysis
		Innovative and Future Approaches in Qualitative Small Group Research
	Conclusion
	References
8. A Network Approach to Studying Team Functioning
	Abstract
	Introduction
	A Brief History of Social Network Analysis within Group Research
	Review of Research on Team Functioning from a Social Network Approach
		Networks as Antecedents, Indicators, and Outcomes of Team Behavioral Processes
			Networks as Antecedents of Team Behavioral Processes
			Networks as Indicators of Team Behavioral Processes
			Outcomes of Team Behavioral Process Networks
		Networks as Antecedents, Indicators, and Outcomes of Team Psychological States
			Networks as Antecedents of Team Psychological States
			Networks as Indicators of Team Psychological States
			Outcomes of Networked Team Psychological States
	Future Directions for Social Networks and Group Research
		Opportunity 1: Mechanisms
		Opportunity 2: Evolution over Time
		Opportunity 3: Robots and Other Technology
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
9. Computational Methods for Studying Group Communication
	Abstract
	A Brief History of Computational Approaches
		Social Simulation
		Data Science
		Big Data
	Social Simulation in Group Communication Research
		Cellular Automata
		Multi-agent Systems
		Summary of Group/Team Research Using Social Simulation
	Data Science in Group Communication Research
		Text Analytics
		Summary of Group/Team Research Using Text Analytics
		Social Network Analysis
		Summary of Network Group Research
		Machine Learning Classification
		Summary of Machine Learning in Group Research
		Big Data in Group/Team Communication Research
			Non-purpose Focus
			Purpose Focus
			Hybrid Focus
		Summary of Big Data Group/Team Research
	Reflections for the Future
		Visibility Across the Three Approaches
		Reliability and Validity: Opportunities for Mixing
		Ethics
	Notes
	References
10. Interaction Pattern and Trajectory Analysis for Studying Group Communication
	Abstract
	Pattern Analysis Approaches
		Sequential Time-event Observation
		Data Coding and IRR Assessment
		Lag Sequential Analysis
		T-pattern Analysis
	Trajectory Analysis
		Statistical Approaches for Trajectory Analyses
		Random Coefficient Modeling
		Latent Growth Modeling
		Discontinuous Growth Analysis
		Summary
	Conclusion: Areas to Explore in Team Interaction Using Pattern Analysis
		Areas to Explore in Team Interaction Using Trajectory Analysis
		Theories of Group Learning
		Theories of Group Development
		Team Phases
	Acknowledgment
	References
11. Inside the Black Box: Group Processes and the Role of Communication
	Abstract
	Group Processes and Methodology
	Situating Research on Group Processes
		Structuration
		Shared Mental Model
		Transactive Memory System
		Collective Intelligence
	Future Directions
		Language in Groups
		Nonnative Speakers in Groups
		Neuroimaging in Groups
	Conclusion
	References
12. Communicating Group Leadership: How Do Different Leadership Processes Influence Group Interaction?
	Abstract
	Brief History of Early Leadership Approaches
		Intermediate Summary of Research with Emphasis on Communication
	Leadership Research Approaches Compatible to a Dynamic Communication Perspective
	Three New Strands of Leadership Research within the Functional and Communication Perspective: Distributed Leadership, e-Lea ...
		Outline placeholder
			Distributed Leadership
			E-leadership
			Substitution Theory of Leadership
			Management by Objectives (MBO)
			Emergent Leadership
			Leadership–Followership Approach
	Note
	References
13. Communication and Group Decision making Processes
	Abstract
	Definition of Group Process
	The Role of Process
	Models of Group Decision making Process
		Sequential Models
			Reflective Thinking Model
			Phase Model
			Multiple Sequence Model
		Episodic Models
			Reach-test Model
			Punctuated Equilibrium Model
			Recurring Phase Model
	Communication and the Group Decision making Process
		Communication as Medium
		Constitutive Perspective
	Group Decision making Processes and Outcomes
	Conclusions and Future Research
		Influences on Group Process
		Effects of Process on Outcomes
	References
14. Technologies for Improving Group Decision making
	Abstract
	The Development of Group Decision making Techniques and Technologies
		Task-oriented Support
		Model-driven Support
	History of Traditions
	Task-oriented Tradition: Group Decision Support Systems and Social Software Technologies
	Model-driven Tradition: Systems Modeling and Decision Modeling Technologies
		Systems Modeling Technologies
		Decision Modeling Technologies
	Research Focus and Major Theories
	Critique and Future Directions for Research
		Practice
		Research
	References
15. Work Processes in Teams
	Abstract
	Defining Work Teams
	Work Team Processes
	Work Group Meetings: A Process-centered View
		Communication Processes That Enable and Constrain Work Teams' Work
		Primary and Secondary Provokers
		Groupthink
		Bullying
	Evaluation of Work Groups
		Satisfaction with Work Group Process
		Group Continuity
		Internal and External Evaluation
	Evaluating Meeting Effectiveness
	Relational Processes and Byproducts of Task Accomplishment
	Future Directions
	Note
	References
16. Group Conflict
	Abstract
	Conflict in Group Development: Resolution over Time
	Instrumental Views of Conflict
	Political Views of Conflict
	Resolving Intergroup Conflict
	Resolving Virtual Conflict
	Resolving Conflict through Third Parties
	Areas of Future Research
	References
17. Group Deliberation: Weighing Options
	Abstract
	History of Group Deliberation
	Major Theories and Concepts
		Problem Analysis and Decision Making
		Democratic Social Relationships
		Communication across Difference
		Design and Facilitation Processes
	Summary of Relevant Group Research
	Critique and Future Directions
	References
18. Persuasion and Social Influence in Groups
	Abstract
	Forces of Influence
		Normative Influence
		Informational Influence
	Sources of Influence
		Majorities and Normative Influence
		Majorities and Informational Influence
		Minorities and Informational Influence
			Consistency
		Minorities and Normative Influence
	Influence Messages
		Normative Messages
		Informational Messages
	Applications
	Directions for Future Research
	References
19. Creating and Maintaining Group Relationships
	Abstract
	History of the Topic: Relational Concerns in Groups
		Relational Messages
		Relational Outcomes
	Relational Development in Groups: Insights across Development Models
		Investigating
		Initiating
		Integrating
		Interconnecting
		Framework Guiding Assumptions
	Future Research Directions
	Conclusion
	References
20. Communicating Knowledge in Groups
	Abstract
	Stream 1: Information Sharing in Hidden Profiles
		Overview and Brief History
		General Research Methods and Paradigm
		Summary of Research Findings
			Main Finding 1: The Discussion Bias Is Robust yet Depends on Task Features
			Main Finding 2: The Discussion Bias Is a Strong Predictor of Group Decision Quality, but So Are Other Information Sharing M ...
			Main Finding 3: The Relation between the Discussion Bias/Intensity and Group Decision Quality Is Predicted and Moderated by ...
		Critique and Future Directions
	Stream 2: Transactive Memory
		Overview and Brief History
		General Research Methods and Paradigm
		Summary of Research Findings
			Main Finding 1: Group Information Exchange Increases over Time
			Main Finding 2: Positive Relationships and a Positive Group Climate Are Positively Associated with Member and Group Informa ...
			Main Finding 3: High-quality Communication also Facilitates Transactive Memory Development, Especially When It Is about Exp ...
			Main Finding 4: Despite the Benefits of Transactive Memory Systems, Having One Does Not Guarantee Groups Will Communicate K ...
		Critique and Future Directions
	Stream 3: Performative View of Expertise
		Overview and Brief History
		General Research Methods and Paradigm
		Summary of Research Findings
			Main Finding 1: Expertise Is Enacted in Context
			Main Finding 2: Expertise Is Accomplished Strategically
			Main Finding 3: Communicative Markers Emergent from Group Interactions Influence Expertise Judgment
		Critique and Future Directions
	General Discussion
		Future Research Directions
	Conclusion
	References
21. Time and Temporality in Groups
	Abstract
	A Brief History of Time in Groups
	Overview of Major Theories and Concepts
		Theoretical Perspectives
			Social Entrainment
			Practice Theory
			Activity Coordination
		Midrange Theoretical Frameworks and Constructs
			Temporal Structuring
			Meso-level Model of Organizational Temporality
			Punctuated Equilibrium
	Summary and Directions for Future Research
	References
22. Group Composition as a Cause, a Consequence, and a Process: A Communication-centered Perspective
	Abstract
	Brief History of Group Composition Research
	Approaches to Studying Group Composition and a Communication Perspective
		Group Composition as a Cause
			A Communication Perspective
		Group Composition as a Consequence
			Individual Cognitive Factors and a Communication Perspective
			Relational Factors and a Communication Perspective
		Group Composition as a Process
			Team Membership Fluidity and a Communication Perspective
			Role Emergence and Development and a Communication Perspective
	Conclusions and Future Directions
		Digital Environment
			Technology as a Group Member
			Temporality of Group Composition
		Communication at the Center of Group Composition Research
		Diversifying Research Methodology
	References
23. Interaction in Group Networks
	Abstract
	Defining Group Networks
	Interaction Networks
	Theoretical Perspectives: Temporality and Structure
		Temporal Dynamics of Group Networks
		Integrating Time and Structure
	The Relational Event Framework
		Comparing Relational Events with Theories of Structure and Time
		Comparing Relational Events with Other Computational Methods
	Research Questions and New Directions
	References
24. How Has Technology Changed Group Communication? A Keyword Analysis of Research on Groups and Technology*
	Abstract
	Data and Methodology
		Publication Outlets
		Group-related Papers
		Technology Words and Group-support Technology Words
	Changing Landscape of Group and Technology Research
		Group Research Is Prominent in Technology-focused Outlets
		More Attention to Other Collectives, and Less to Group and Team
		Rise of Group-related Communication Research
	Technology Trends in Group-related Research
		Steady-state Trends
		Declining Trends
		Rising Trends
	Directions for Future Research
		Contextual Factors in Flexible Grouping
		When Machines Become Teammates
	Conclusion
	References
25. Diversity and Team Communication: A Critical Review and Call for Broadened Representation
	Abstract
	Brief History of Diversity in Teams Research
	Theoretical Approaches
		Information Exchange and Elaboration Processes
		Social Categorization and Identity, and Attraction Processes
		Integration and New Theoretical Directions
	Critique and Implications for Future Research
		Predominance of US Perspectives
		Narrow Disciplinary Focus
	Future Research Directions
		Increase Attention to Multilevel and Dynamic Models
		Increase Direct Observation of Interaction
		Humans in Teams with Nonhumans: A New Form of Diversity
	Conclusion
	References
26. Multicommunicating in Teams: Concept, Review, and Future Directions
	Abstract
	What Is (and Is Not) Multicommunicating?
		Multitasking As a Precursor to Multicommunicating
			Defining Multicommunicating
			Proposition 1: Intensity Matters
			Proposition 2: ICT Characteristics Matter
			Proposition 3: Norms Matter
	Why Do People Multicommunicate?
	Teams and Multicommunicating
		Multicommunicating and Intact Teams
			Dimensions of Invisible Whispering
		Multicommunicating Scale Development
		Outcomes of Multicommunicating
			Perceived Incivility
		Variables That Change Perceptions of Multicommunicating
			Polychronicity
			Demographic Differences
			Job Roles
			Relevant Tasks
	Future Research Agenda
		Future of Work
		Perceptions versus Performance Outcomes
		Nuances of Multicommunicating
		Policies Around Multicommunicating and Multitasking
	References
27. Work Groups and Action Teams: Distinguishing Among Task-oriented Groups
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Two Historical Perspectives on Work Groups and Action Teams
		Organizational Culture and Climate
		Team Training
		Team Dynamics, Tasks, Communication, and Performance of Traditional Workgroups
			Staying on Task During Meetings
		Action Team Tasks
	Troubleshooting Common Issues That Arise with Work Groups and Action Teams
		Assumption 1: A Group of “Smart and Talented” People Will Never Fail
		Assumption 2: Strong Leadership Can “Fix” Teams That Are Underperforming
		Assumption 3: It Is Helpful to “Shake Things Up” by Bringing in New Team Members
	Summary of Research
	Future Directions
	Acknowledgments
	References
28. Group Talk During Jury Decision making
	Abstract
	Communication in Jury Deliberations
		Events Before Deliberations That Structure Juries
		Communication Events during Deliberations
			Selecting a Foreperson
			Deciding When and How to Vote
			Participation and Turn-taking
			Emergence of Conflict
			Misconduct during Deliberation Talk
	Moving Forward: Expanding Research on Jury Decision making Communication
		Theoretical Lenses That Illuminate Jury Communication during Deliberations
		Decision making Juries: Recognizing Gaps, Imagining New Directions
		Sources for Gaining Access to Jury Data
		Pandemic Juries: When Old Jury Structures Becomes a Health Risk
	Why Study Communication in Deliberating Juries?
	Acknowledgments
	Notes
	References
29. Communication in Online Support Groups
	Abstract
	Motivations to Participate in Online Support Groups
		Outline placeholder
			Health-related stigma
			Limited access to offline social support
			Perceived similarity of online support group members
			Convenience
	Theoretical Perspectives on Online Support Groups
		Outline placeholder
			Optimal matching model
			Strength of weak-ties theory
			Therapeutic self-disclosure/expressive writing paradigm
	Research on Supportive Messages and Communication Processes within Online Support Groups
		Social Support Messages within Online Support Groups
		Communication Processes within Online Social Support Groups
	Online Support Groups and Health Outcomes
	Critique of Online Support Group Theory and Research/Future Directions
	Conclusion
	References
30. Communicating in Medical Teams and Groups: Examining Psychological Safety and Simulation Training
	Abstract
	Theory
	Psychological Safety in Medical Teams
		Communication and Psychological Safety
		Key Findings
	Using Simulation Training to Enhance Communication within Healthcare Teams
		Communication in Simulation Training
		Key Findings
	Implications and Future Directions
	Conclusion
	References (*indicates reviewed study)
31. Emergency Team Communication: Adaptive Sensemaking in Turbulent Environments
	Abstract
	Defining Emergency Teams
	The Historical Significance of ETs
	Emergency Teams Are Bona Fide Groups Nested in Institutions
	Communication, Stress, and Sensemaking in the Work of ETs
		Defining Team Stress and Its Role in ET Communication
		Sensemaking Under Stress in ET Settings
	Debriefing Communication Processes for ETs
	Conclusion
	References
32. Communicating in Sports Teams*
	Abstract
	Teamwork and Coaching
	Physical and Mental Coordination
	Knowledge Sharing
	Clarity of Roles
	Goal Setting
	Motivation
	Culture
	Cohesion
	The Uniqueness of Sports Teams
	Research on Sports Teams
	References
33. Hidden Groups: A Multilevel Perspective
	Abstract
	Background Literatures
	Relevant Theoretical Work and Methodological Considerations
	Multilevel Framework of Hidden Groups
		Group-level Invisibility
		Combining Invisibility at Multiple Levels
			All Levels Invisible
			Invisible Group: Terrorist Cells
			Organization Invisible, but Members Visible
			Visible Group: Freemason Lodge
			Invisible Group: Church of Scientology
			Members Invisible, but Organization Visible
			Visible Group: Earth First! Chapters
			Invisible Group: US Special Missions Units
	Concluding Comments and Future Directions
	References
34. Foregrounding Practices: Cultivating Stronger Groups and Teams
	Abstract
	What Is a Practice Approach and What Is a Practice?
		Uses of the Concept, “Practice,” in Group Communication Scholarship
		Practice in the Practitioner Literature
		Issues in Naming and Framing and Studying Practices
		Kinds of Knowledge/Insight That Practice Studies Can Provide
			Designing and Implementing Sensitive Group Activities
		Elaborate the Contextual Aspects of Dispersed Practices Such as Information-giving
		Make Visible How Key Group Norms Are Interactionally Accomplished
	Concluding Thoughts
	Acknowledgment
	References
35. What Methodologies Are Needed to Study Group Communication? A Bounded Rationality Perspective
	Abstract
	Methodological Implications of Studying Group Communication from a Bounded Rationality Perspective
		Modeling Individual Groups: Process Models versus As-if Models
		Analysis and Description of the Environment
			Representative Design
	Outlook
	References
36. Moving Forward: Research Funding and International and Interdisciplinary Group Research
	Abstract
	Professional Identity of Group Communication Scholars
		Doctoral Programs
	Fundamental Concerns in Conducting Research
		Research Funding
		Research Space
		Technology for Recording Group Interaction
		Participant Pools
	International and Interdisciplinary Influences on Group Communication Research
		Team Science
	Contexts for (More) Communication and Interdisciplinary Group Research
		Group Communication of Children and Teens
		Teams in Healthcare
		Digital Technology, Robots, and Group Interaction
		International and Interdisciplinary Teams
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
Index