The Effects of Dust and Heat on Photovoltaic Modules: Impacts and Solutions

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Dust
Dust Deposition on Photovoltaic Modules: Its Effects on Performance
	1 Introduction
	2 Fundamentals of Photovoltaic Module
		2.1 Components of a Photovoltaic Module
		2.2 Classification of Photovoltaic Modules
	3 Factors Affecting the Performance of Photovoltaic Modules
	4 Sources, Transportation and Deposition of Dust
		4.1 Sources and Characteristics of Dust
		4.2 Dust Particles Transportation
		4.3 Factors Governing Dust Particles Deposition on PV Module Surfaces
	5 Effects of Dust on the Performance of PV Modules
		5.1 Effect of Dust on the PV Module Surface Light Transmittance
		5.2 Effect of Dust on PV Module Surface Temperature
		5.3 Effect of Dust on Short-Circuit Current
		5.4 Effect of Dust on Open-Circuit Voltage
		5.5 Effect of Dust on Maximum Power Output
		5.6 Effect of Dust on I–V Characteristics
		5.7 Effect of Dust on Fill Factor
		5.8 Effect of Dust on Conversion Efficiency
		5.9 Effect of Dust on Energy Yield
		5.10 Mechanisms of Removing Dust Particles from PV Module Surfaces
		5.11 Natural Cleaning Methods
		5.12 Automatic Cleaning Method
		5.13 Sun Tracking System
	6 Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
Effect of Dust Accumulation on the Power Production of the PV Module at Different Heights: A Case Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Experimental Setup
		2.2 Data Measurement
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Dust Deposition on PV Module and Its Characteristics
	1 Introduction
	2 Mechanism of Dust Accumulation
		2.1 Dust Generation
		2.2 Accumulation of Dust on Solar PV Module Surface
	3 Allocation of the Various Continent in the Study of Impact of Dust Accumulation
	4 Elimination of Dust Particle from Solar Photovoltaic Module
		4.1 Natural Elimination
		4.2 Cleaning
		4.3 Self-Cleaning Film
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Photovoltaic Module Dust Cleaning Techniques
	1 Introduction
	2 Solar PV Module Dust Cleaning Techniques
		2.1 Natural Cleaning Method
		2.2 Machine Cleaning
		2.3 Passive Cleaning Method
	3 Conclusion
	References
Surface Texturing for a Superhydrophobic Surface
	1 Fundamentals of Superhydrophobic Effect
	2 Texturing Approaches for Superhydrophobic Surfaces
		2.1 Chemical and Plasma Etching
		2.2 Laser Surface Texturing
		2.3 Lithography
		2.4 Anodic Oxidation
		2.5 Electrospinning
	3 Textured Superhydrophobic Surfaces for Self-Cleaning of PV Modules
		3.1 Effect of Dust Accumulation on PV Performance of Modules
		3.2 Textured Self-Cleaning Surfaces for PV Applications
	4 Summary
	References
Organic Superhydrophobic Coatings for PV Modules
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Superhydrophobic Effect in Nature
		1.2 Superhydrophobic Characteristics in Plants
		1.3 Superhydrophobic Characteristics in Animals
	2 Principles and Properties of Superhydrophobic Surfaces
		2.1 Wettability, Contact Angle and Surface Roughness
		2.2 Surface Tension and Surface Energy
	3 Methods of Preparation of Superhydrophobic Surfaces
		3.1 Soft Lithography
		3.2 Template Method
		3.3 Electro-spinning
		3.4 Sol–gel
		3.5 Layer-by-Layer (LbL)
		3.6 Etching
		3.7 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
		3.8 Electroless Galvanic Deposition
		3.9 Anodic Oxidation
	4 Effect of Organic Superhydrophobic Coatings on the Performance of PV Modules
		4.1 Fluorocarbons
		4.2 Polysiloxanes
		4.3 Polyurethane
	5 Commercialization Challenges and Future Prospects
	References
Super Hydrophilic Surface Coating for PV Modules
	1 Introduction
	2 Cleaning Methods
		2.1 Self-Cleaning
	3 Super Hydrophilicity
		3.1 Photo-Induced Super Hydrophilicity
	4 Fabrication Techniques and Processes for Self-Cleaning Super Hydrophilic Coatings
		4.1 Sol–gel Process
		4.2 Hydrothermal Process
		4.3 Liquid-Phase Deposition
		4.4 Electrochemical Technology
		4.5 Dip Coating
		4.6 Spin Coating
	5 Modification Methods to Enhance the Self-Cleaning of PV Modules
		5.1 Doping With Similar Ion
		5.2 Recombination of Semiconductor
	6 Applications of Super Hydrophilic Coatings on PV Module
		6.1 Super Hydrophilic Anti-reflection
		6.2 Super Hydrophilic Anti-fogging
	7 Conclusion
	References
Heat
Cooling Approaches for Solar PV Panels
	1 Introduction
	2 Photovoltaic Panel Heating
	3 Cooling Approaches for Photovoltaic Panel
		3.1 Passive Approaches
		3.2 Active Approaches
	4 Merit of PV Cooling Approaches
	5 Conclusions
	References
Heat Effect on Silicon PV Modules
	1 Introduction
	2 Heat effect on Silicon PV Modules
	References
Thermoelectric Coupled Photovoltaic Modules
	1 Introduction
	2 Techniques
		2.1 Split Method
		2.2 Direct Couple
	3 Performance
		3.1 Direct Coupled PV–TE System
		3.2 Splitting PV-TE System Performance
	4 Conclusions
	References
Photovoltaic Effects of Temperature Compensation Using Thermo-Electric Cooling
	1 Introduction
	2 Climatic Variability and Its Effects of Performance on Solar Cells
		2.1 Effects of Temperature
	3 The Design, Materials and Temperature Dependencies
		3.1 Temperature Coefficients of Different Components
	4 Thermo-Electric Device
		4.1 Thermo-Electric Effect
		4.2 Construction of a Thermo-Electric Device
		4.3 Coefficient of Performance (COP)
	5 The Amalgamation of the Solar Cell with the Thermo–Electric Device
	6 Performance Evaluation and Feasibility Verification
	7 Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
Environmental Assessment of Perovskite Solar Cells
	1 Introduction
	2 Factors Affecting the Performance of the Perovskite Solar Cells
		2.1 Impact of Moisture on Perovskite Layers
		2.2 Thermal Stresses in Perovskite Solar Cell Layers
		2.3 Optical Instability
		2.4 Metal Contacts
		2.5 Morphological and Structural Instabilities
	3 Lead Toxicity
	4 Outlook
	References
Influence of Temperature on Important Characteristics of Photovoltaic Cells
	1 Physical Principles of Photovoltaic Energy Conversion
	2 I-V Characteristics of Photovoltaic Cells
	3 Effect of Temperature on Energy Conversion Efficiency
	4 Effect of Damage to Photovoltaic Cells on the Parameters of the Photovoltaic Panel
	References
Paraffin Wax and Fatty Acid-Based Passive Temperature Management of PV Modules: An Overview
	1 Introduction
	2 Passive Cooling of PV Modules Using Organic PCMs
		2.1 Paraffin Wax-Based Cooling
		2.2 Fatty Acids-Based Cooling
	3 Proposition and Prospects
	4 Conclusions
	References