The Economics of Health Professional Education and Careers: Insights from a Literature Revie

Contents (v)......Page 5
Acknowledgments (vii)......Page 7
Executive Summary (ix)......Page 8
Policy Recommendations (xii)......Page 11
Abbreviations (xiii)......Page 12
1. Introduction (1)......Page 13
Figure 1.1 The Interaction between Education Systems, Labor Markets, and Health Systems (2)......Page 14
Box 1.1 Market Failures in Health Worker Labor Markets (3)......Page 15
2. Historical Trends and Globalization (5)......Page 17
Note (8)......Page 20
3. Specialty Choice among Health Professionals and Its Health Labor Market Determinants (9)......Page 21
Trends in Specialty Preference (10)......Page 22
Student Characteristics (12)......Page 24
Specialty Characteristics (13)......Page 25
Figure B3.1.1a Proportion of Graduating Cohorts in U.K. Medical Schools Choosing General Practice (14)......Page 26
Figure B3.1.1b General Practitioners’ Annual Income (15)......Page 27
School Characteristics (17)......Page 29
Notes (18)......Page 30
Estimated Rates of Return to Health Professional Education (19)......Page 31
Figure 4.1 The Hours-adjusted Internal Rate of Return on Additional Training for Five Surgical Specialties and Primary Care Medicine (24)......Page 36
Linked Markets: Health Professional Education and Health Care (27)......Page 38
Figure 5.1 Interrelationships between Health Professional Job Market and Health Professional Education Market (29)......Page 40
Box 5.1 How Demographics and Positioning of the Nursing Profession Can Interrelate, Israel (30)......Page 41
Privatization of Health Professional Education in LMICs (31)......Page 42
Figure 5.2 Founding Dates of Medical Schools in Sub-Saharan Africa by Sector (32)......Page 43
Box 5.2 Market Failure in Nepal (34)......Page 45
Notes (35)......Page 46
6. Discussion (37)......Page 47
Research Implications (38)......Page 48
Policy implications (41)......Page 51
Table A.2 MESH Terms (45)......Page 54
Appendix B. Coverage of the Literature in Relation to Private and Social Perspectives on the Rate of Return (47)......Page 55
References (50)......Page 58
Appendix C. Estimates of Private Rates of Return and Net Present Value (53)......Page 61
References (54)......Page 62
References (57)......Page 64
Environmental Benefits Statement (78)......Page 78