The Earth's Plasmasphere (Cambridge Atmospheric and Space Science Series)

Cover......Page 1
Intro Blurb......Page 2
Half Title......Page 4
OTHER TITLES IN PRINT IN THE SERIES......Page 5
Title......Page 6
Copyright......Page 7
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 10
Foreword......Page 13
Dedications......Page 17
Introduction......Page 18
1.1 Introduction......Page 24
1.2.1 Background to the discovery of the plasmasphere......Page 25
1.2.2 Description of the experiments on LUNIKs......Page 27
1.2.3 Results of the first measurements......Page 29
1.2.4 A lesson from history......Page 34
1.2.5 Presentation of the results to an international conference......Page 36
1.3.1 A puzzling observation early in the IGY......Page 37
1.3.2 Storey's pioneering work on whistlers......Page 38
1.3.3 Further development of whistlers as magnetospheric 
density probes......Page 40
1.3.4 The hypothesis of whistler propagation on discrete
 field-line paths......Page 42
1.3.5 Carpenter's initial work with whistler data......Page 43
1.3.6 The unusual whistler events of 13 January 1958......Page 44
1.3.7 Investigation of density decreases following magnetic storms......Page 46
1.3.8 Whistler data from Byrd, Antarctica......Page 47
1.3.9 The knee effect as a regular feature of the equatorial 
density profile......Page 48
1.3.10 The search for interpretations of the knee effect......Page 49
1.3.11 Initial publication on the knee......Page 50
1.3.12 News about the LUNIK results......Page 51
1.3.13 The need for better data: Eights, Antarctica, as its source......Page 53
1.3.15 The use of whistlers to track cross-i plasma motions......Page 54
1.3.16 Angerami and studies of the magnetospheric electron 
density distribution......Page 57
1.3.18 Introduction of the terms plasmapause and plasmasphere......Page 59
1.3.19 Some final notes on the discovery phase......Page 61
2. 1 Introduction......Page 63
2.2 Initial results......Page 64
Introduction......Page 65
Examples from experiments......Page 66
Observations of plasmapause radius variations with 
magnetic activity......Page 68
Comparisons of whistler and satellite data......Page 71
Multiday tracking of the plasmapause position from polar orbit......Page 72
Density recovery in the trough region......Page 73
'Vestigial plasmapauses'......Page 75
Observations of changes in the plasmasphere boundary during
 weak magnetic storms......Page 76
Penetrating east-west electric fields in the outer plasmasphere......Page 77
Penetration of substorm fields deep within the plasmasphere......Page 80
Irregularities in the plasmasphere radius......Page 81
Variation with local time in the delay between substorm activity 
onset and inward plasmapause displacement......Page 82
Observations pertaining to erosion of the plasmasphere......Page 83
The duskside bulge sector during and following periods of
 plasmasphere erosion......Page 84
Bulge observations at synchronous orbit......Page 85
A new perspective on the bulge as detected from whistlers......Page 88
2.3.3 Post-storm refilling of the plasmasphere......Page 92
2.4.1 The concept of a plasmasphere boundary layer......Page 93
2.4.3 Ion and electron troughs......Page 94
2.4.5 Ionization interchange effects......Page 96
General properties of the profiles......Page 99
Notes on the plasmasphere profile......Page 100
The profile in the plasmapause region......Page 101
The trough profile......Page 102
The distribution of ionization along magnetic field lines......Page 104
Large-scale irregularities in the plasmasphere......Page 105
Field-aligned wave ducts......Page 106
Irregularities near the plasmapause......Page 108
Irregularities beyond the plasmapause......Page 109
2.5.4 Quiet day electric fields in the plasmasphere......Page 110
The annual and semiannual variations......Page 112
The solar cycle variation......Page 114
Diurnal variation......Page 115
2.6.2 The ionosphere......Page 117
The collisionless aspect......Page 118
Ultra-low frequency wave activity......Page 120
The magnetospheric reflection phenomenon......Page 121
Plasmaspheric hiss......Page 122
Field-aligned plasma irregularities......Page 124
The 'coherent wave instability'......Page 125
Triggered whistler-mode emissions......Page 127
2.6.5 Equatorial phenomena......Page 128
2.6.6 Wave regimes just outside the plasmasphere......Page 129
3.1.1 Preliminary remarks......Page 131
3.2.1 Density distribution; plasmapause position......Page 133
3.2.2 Temperature measurements......Page 140
3.2.3 Chemical composition of the plasmasphere......Page 141
Orbits and measurement techniques......Page 142
Ion density profiles; the bulge of the plasmasphere at 
noon local time......Page 147
Plasmasphere temperatures; warm zone in the outer plasmasphere......Page 151
Ion composition experiment (ICE)......Page 152
GEOS/ICE results......Page 156
GEOS wave experiments......Page 158
The mutual impedance experiment (S-304)......Page 159
Relaxation sounder experiment (S-301)......Page 162
The Sweep Frequency Receiver (SFR)......Page 163
General characteristics and scientific objectives......Page 166
Main scientific results from the DE-1 data; light ion distributions......Page 167
Redistribution of different ion species in the plasmasphere 
following a geomagnetic storm......Page 170
Thermal structure of the plasmasphere......Page 172
Density distributions and the location of various plasma boundaries......Page 175
The orbit, the payload and preliminary results......Page 177
3. 5 The latest results......Page 178
Plasmaspheric refilling and irregular ion density structures......Page 179
Dynamics of the plasmasphere......Page 180
3.5.2 The INTERBALL mission and the ISTP and GGS programs......Page 181
4.2 The ionosphere as a source and sink for
 plasmaspheric particles......Page 182
4.2.1 The distribution of the major ions in the topside 
ionosphere......Page 187
4.2.2 Production and transport of O  and H  ions at the bottom
 of the plasmasphere......Page 189
4.2.3 The effects of photoelectrons and wave-particle interactions......Page 191
4.2.4 Plasmasphere refilling fluxes......Page 192
4.3 Thermal structure of the plasmasphere......Page 194
4.3.1 Temperatures at low altitudes......Page 195
High altitude ion temperatures......Page 196
High altitude electron temperature......Page 199
4.4 Pitch angle distributions......Page 200
4.4.1 Field-aligned pitch angle distributions......Page 202
4.4.3 Conical pitch angle distributions......Page 203
4.4.4 Isotropic pitch angle distributions......Page 204
4.5 Ion composition......Page 205
4.6.1 Equatorial density profiles inside the plasmasphere......Page 209
4.6.2 Equatorial density profiles in the plasmatrough......Page 213
4.7.1 The equatorial distance of the plasmapause......Page 214
4.7.2 The paradigm based on the plasmapause bulge......Page 216
4.8.1 Density profile in the region of the plasmapause......Page 218
Low energy ion transition......Page 220
Alfvén layers and shielding......Page 221
4.8.3 Relationship of the equatorial plasmapause to the 
mid-latitude trough and light ion trough......Page 222
The subauroral electron temperature enhancement......Page 224
A unique sequence of observations......Page 227
Different categories of equatorial density profiles......Page 230
Local time distribution of detached plasma elements......Page 232
4.10.1 Magnetic field models......Page 235
4.10.2 Electric models......Page 236
Measuring electric fields in space......Page 237
Empirical models......Page 239
Difference in electron and ion gyroradii as a generation mechanism 
for Alfvén layers......Page 241
4.11 Concluding remarks......Page 242
5.1 Introduction......Page 244
5.2.1 Introduction......Page 245
5.2.2 The polarization electrostatic field......Page 248
5.2.3 The total field-aligned potential energy distribution......Page 251
5.2.4 The diffusive equilibrium (DE) density distributions......Page 254
5.2.5 The exospheric equilibrium (EE) density distributions......Page 259
5.2.6 Kinetic scenario of plasmaspheric refilling......Page 261
5.2.7 Plasmaspheric temperatures......Page 267
5.2.8 Time-dependent hydrodynamical models for field-aligned 
plasma density distribution......Page 268
5.3.1 The diffusive equilibrium equatorial density profiles......Page 272
5.3.2 The exospheric equilibrium equatorial density profiles......Page 275
5.4.1 Single particle drifts and ideal MHD convection velocities......Page 277
Gravitational drift and polarization electric field......Page 282
Maximum interchange velocity......Page 284
Like bubbles of hot or cool air. . .......Page 286
5.4.3 Thermally driven interchange instability......Page 287
Evolution toward mechanical equilibrium......Page 288
5.4.4 Diamagnetic effects......Page 289
5.4.5 Weak double-layers......Page 290
The assumptions......Page 293
Sheilding of the inner magnetosphere......Page 295
Early dissentient views......Page 297
5.5.2 Deformations of a last closed equipotential (LCE)......Page 298
Numerical method to determine the plasmapause position......Page 302
Comparison with observations......Page 304
5.5.4 Plasmapause and LIT formation : a fourth-generation model......Page 306
The ripping off mechanism......Page 307
Light-ion-trough formation......Page 309
The midnight local time sector where the action takes place!......Page 310
5.5.5 Smoothing of the plasmapause density gradient......Page 312
5.5.7 Determination of the plasmapause position in the 
post-midnight sector......Page 314
5.5.8 Detached plasma elements......Page 318
5.5.9 Substorm associated peeling off events......Page 319
5.5.10 Search for an ideal time-dependent electric field model......Page 320
5.5.12 Dynamical model calculation of the plasmapause positions......Page 324
5.5.13 Contemporary modeling efforts......Page 327
Epilogue......Page 333
References......Page 335
Index......Page 370