The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Brief Contents......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Maps......Page 12
Issues in World History......Page 13
Preface......Page 14
About the Authors......Page 19
Note on Spelling and Usage......Page 20
Introduction: The World Before 1500......Page 22
16 THE MARITIME REVOLUTION, TO 1550......Page 36
The Pacific Ocean......Page 37
The Indian Ocean......Page 39
European Expansion, 1400–1550......Page 42
Motives for Exploration......Page 43
Portuguese Voyages......Page 44
Spanish Voyages......Page 47
Western Africa......Page 50
Eastern Africa......Page 51
Indian Ocean States......Page 52
The Americas......Page 56
Comparative Perspectives......Page 59
Summary......Page 60
Suggested Reading......Page 61
Notes......Page 62
ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY: Vasco da Gama’s Fleet......Page 48
DIVERSITY AND DOMINANCE: Kongo’s Christian King......Page 53
ISSUES IN WORLD HISTORY: Climate and Population, to 1500......Page 63
PART FIVE: The Globe Encompassed, 1500–1750......Page 65
17 TRANSFORMATIONS IN EUROPE, 1500–1750......Page 68
Culture and Ideas......Page 69
Social and Economic Life......Page 76
Political Innovations......Page 82
Summary......Page 92
Key Terms......Page 93
Notes......Page 94
ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY: Mapping the World......Page 78
DIVERSITY AND DOMINANCE: Political Craft and Craftiness......Page 85
18 THE DIVERSITY OF AMERICAN COLONIAL SOCIETIES, 1530–1770......Page 96
The Columbian Exchange......Page 97
Spanish America and Brazil......Page 100
English and French Colonies in North America......Page 111
Colonial Expansion and Conflict......Page 118
Summary......Page 121
Suggested Reading......Page 123
Notes......Page 124
ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY: A Silver Refinery at Potosí, Bolivia, 1700......Page 104
DIVERSITY AND DOMINANCE: Race and Ethnicity in the Spanish Colonies: Negotiating Hierarchy......Page 107
19 THE ATLANTIC SYSTEM AND AFRICA, 1550–1800......Page 126
Plantations in the West Indies......Page 127
Plantation Life in the Eighteenth Century......Page 130
Creating the Atlantic Economy......Page 136
Africa, the Atlantic, and Islam......Page 142
Comparative Perspectives......Page 150
Key Terms......Page 151
Notes......Page 152
ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY: Amerindian Foods in Africa......Page 132
DIVERSITY AND DOMINANCE: Slavery in West Africa and the Americas......Page 148
20 SOUTHWEST ASIA AND THE INDIAN OCEAN, 1500–1750......Page 154
The Ottoman Empire, to 1750......Page 155
The Safavid Empire, 1502–1722......Page 166
The Mughal Empire, 1526–1761......Page 171
The Maritime Worlds of Islam, 1500-1750......Page 174
Key Terms......Page 179
Notes......Page 180
DIVERSITY AND DOMINANCE: Islamic Law and Ottoman Rule......Page 161
ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY: Tobacco and Waterpipes......Page 165
21 NORTHERN EURASIA, 1500–1800......Page 182
Japanese Reunification......Page 183
The Later Ming and Early Qing Empires......Page 189
The Russian Empire......Page 199
Comparative Perspectives......Page 205
Summary......Page 206
Suggested Reading......Page 207
Notes......Page 208
ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY: East Asian Porcelain......Page 186
DIVERSITY AND DOMINANCE: Gendered Violence: The Yangzhou Massacre......Page 193
ISSUES IN WORLD HISTORY: The Little Ice Age......Page 209
PART SIX: Revolutions Reshape the World, 1750–1870......Page 211
22 REVOLUTIONARY CHANGES IN THE ATLANTIC WORLD, 1750–1850......Page 214
Prelude to Revolution: The Eighteenth-Century Crisis......Page 215
The American Revolution, 1775–1800......Page 220
The French Revolution, 1789–1815......Page 224
Revolution Spreads,Conservatives Respond, 1789–1850......Page 233
Comparative Perspectives......Page 239
Summary......Page 240
Key Terms......Page 241
Notes......Page 242
ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY: The Guillotine......Page 229
DIVERSITY AND DOMINANCE: Robespierre and Wollstonecraft Defend and Explain the Terror......Page 231
23 THE EARLY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, 1760–1851......Page 244
Causes of the Industrial Revolution......Page 245
The Technological Revolution......Page 251
The Impact of the Early Industrial Revolution......Page 257
New Economic and Political Ideas......Page 263
The Limits of Industrialization Outside the West......Page 265
Key Terms......Page 267
Notes......Page 268
DIVERSITY AND DOMINANCE: Adam Smith and the Division of Labor......Page 249
ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY: Gas Lighting......Page 260
24 NATION BUILDING AND ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION IN THE AMERICAS, 1800–1890......Page 270
Independence in Latin America, 1800–1830......Page 271
The Problem of Order, 1825–1890......Page 279
The Challenge of Social and Economic Change......Page 288
Comparative Perspectives......Page 299
Summary......Page 300
Suggested Reading......Page 301
Notes......Page 302
DIVERSITY AND DOMINANCE: The Afro-Brazilian Experience, 1828......Page 277
ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY: Constructing the Port of Buenos Aires, Argentina......Page 295
25 LAND EMPIRES IN THE AGE OF IMPERIALISM, 1800–1870......Page 304
The Ottoman Empire......Page 305
The Russian Empire......Page 315
The Qing Empire......Page 318
Comparative Perspectives......Page 328
Key Terms......Page 329
Suggested Reading......Page 330
ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY: The Web of War......Page 312
DIVERSITY AND DOMINANCE: Chinese Responses to Imperialism......Page 326
26 AFRICA, INDIA, AND THE NEW BRITISH EMPIRE, 1750–1870......Page 332
Changes and Exchanges in Africa......Page 333
India Under British Rule......Page 341
Britain’s Eastern Empire......Page 349
Comparative Perspectives......Page 356
Summary......Page 357
Notes......Page 358
DIVERSITY AND DOMINANCE: Ceremonials of Imperial Domination......Page 345
ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY: Whaling......Page 354
ISSUES IN WORLD HISTORY: State Power, the Census, and the Question of Identity......Page 359
PART SEVEN: Global Diversity and Dominance, 1850–1945......Page 361
27 THE NEW POWER BALANCE, 1850–1900......Page 364
New Technologies and the World Economy......Page 365
Social Changes......Page 369
Socialism and Labor Movements......Page 374
Nationalism and the Rise of Italy, Germany, and Japan......Page 379
The Great Powers of Europe, 1871–1900......Page 386
China, Japan, and the Western Powers......Page 388
Summary......Page 390
Key Terms......Page 391
Notes......Page 392
ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY: Railroads and Immigration......Page 370
MATERIAL CULTURE: Cotton Clothing......Page 375
DIVERSITY AND DOMINANCE: Marx and Engels on Global Trade and the Bourgeoisie......Page 377
28 THE NEW IMPERIALISM, 1869–1914......Page 394
The New Imperialism: Motives and Methods......Page 395
The Scramble for Africa......Page 400
Imperialism in Asia and the Pacific......Page 409
Imperialism in Latin America......Page 414
The World Economy and the Global Environment......Page 416
Summary......Page 418
Key Terms......Page 419
Notes......Page 420
DIVERSITY AND DOMINANCE: Two Africans Recall the Arrival of the Europeans......Page 407
ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY: Imperialism and Tropical Ecology......Page 412
29 THE CRISIS OF THE IMPERIAL ORDER, 1900–1929......Page 422
Origins of the Crisis in Europe and the Middle East......Page 423
The “Great War” and the Russian Revolutions, 1914–1918......Page 425
Peace and Dislocation in Europe, 1919–1929......Page 432
China and Japan: Contrasting Destinies......Page 436
The New Middle East......Page 439
Society, Culture, and Technology in the Industrialized World......Page 445
Comparative Perspectives......Page 450
Summary......Page 451
Suggested Reading......Page 452
DIVERSITY AND DOMINANCE: The Middle East After World War I......Page 443
ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY: The Birth of Civil Aviation......Page 448
30 THE COLLAPSE OF THE OLD ORDER, 1929–1949......Page 454
The Stalin Revolution......Page 455
The Depression......Page 458
The Rise of Fascism......Page 462
East Asia, 1931–1945......Page 465
The Second World War......Page 468
The Character of Warfare......Page 475
Summary......Page 480
Key Terms......Page 481
Notes......Page 482
DIVERSITY AND DOMINANCE: Women, Family Values, and the Russian Revolution......Page 459
ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY: The Enigma Machine......Page 477
31 STRIVING FOR INDEPENDENCE: INDIA, AFRICA, AND LATIN AMERICA, 1900–1949......Page 484
The Indian Independence Movement, 1905–1947......Page 485
Sub-Saharan Africa, 1900–1945......Page 492
Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil, 1900–1949......Page 497
Comparative Perspectives......Page 504
Key Terms......Page 505
Notes......Page 506
ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY: Gandhi and Technology......Page 490
DIVERSITY AND DOMINANCE: A Vietnamese Nationalist Denounces French Colonialism......Page 493
ISSUES IN WORLD HISTORY: Famines and Politics......Page 507
PART EIGHT: Perils and Promises of a Global Community, 1945 to the Present......Page 509
32 THE COLDWAR AND DECOLONIZATION, 1945–1975......Page 512
The Cold War......Page 513
Decolonization and Nation Building......Page 522
Beyond a Bipolar World......Page 531
Comparative Perspectives......Page 537
Summary......Page 538
Suggested Reading......Page 539
Notes......Page 540
ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY: The Green Revolution......Page 515
DIVERSITY AND DOMINANCE: Race and the Struggle for Justice in South Africa......Page 529
33 THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND THE CHALLENGE OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND IMMIGRATION, 1975–2000......Page 542
Postcolonial Crises and Asian Economic Expansion......Page 543
The End of the Bipolar World......Page 552
The Challenge of Population Growth......Page 556
Unequal Development and the Movement of Peoples......Page 561
Technological and Environmental Change......Page 564
Summary......Page 570
Key Terms......Page 571
Notes......Page 572
DIVERSITY AND DOMINANCE: The Struggle for Women’s Rights in an Era of Global Political and Economic Change......Page 547
ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY: The Personal Computer......Page 565
MATERIAL CULTURE: Fast Food......Page 567
34 GLOBALIZATION IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM......Page 574
Global Economic and Political Currents......Page 575
Trends and Visions......Page 583
Global Culture......Page 589
Conclusion......Page 596
Notes......Page 597
ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY: Global Warming......Page 588
DIVERSITY AND DOMINANCE: World Literature in English......Page 594
Glossary......Page 598
Index......Page 618