The Dose Makes the Poison: A Plain-Language Guide to Toxicology, Third Edition

THE DOSE MAKES THE POISON......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 7
INTRODUCTION TO THE THIRD EDITION......Page 13
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION......Page 17
ATOMS AND MOLECULES......Page 23
NATURAL CHEMICALS......Page 24
SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS......Page 25
CHEMICAL CATEGORIES......Page 28
CHEMICALS: “ GOOD ” AND “ BAD ”......Page 30
WHY THE “ GOOD - BAD ” DICHOTOMY?......Page 32
Man - made Chemicals Are Made by Humans......Page 33
Man - made Chemicals May Not Be Biodegradable......Page 34
Man - made Chemicals May Be Very Complex......Page 38
Explosiveness and Reactivity......Page 41
Flammability and Combustibility......Page 42
Radioactivity......Page 43
Irritation......Page 45
Sensitization and Photosensitization......Page 46
Toxicity......Page 48
Multiple Harmful Properties......Page 49
DEFINITION OF HAZARD......Page 50
EMPIRICAL TOXICOLOGY......Page 53
PARACELSUS AND RAMAZZINI......Page 54
A BRIEF HISTORY OF TOXICOLOGY......Page 56
TOXICOLOGY TODAY......Page 62
WHAT DO TOXICOLOGISTS DO?......Page 66
ACUTE VERSUS CHRONIC TOXICITY......Page 69
SIGNIFICANCE OF DIVIDED DOSES......Page 75
Dermal Exposure......Page 76
Inhalation Exposure......Page 77
Oral Exposure......Page 80
Other Routes of Exposure......Page 81
INFLUENCE OF ROUTE ON TOXICITY......Page 82
METABOLISM......Page 86
ROUTES OF ELIMINATION (EXCRETION)......Page 87
Species......Page 88
Sex......Page 92
Age......Page 93
State of Health......Page 95
Biochemical Individuality (Genetic Diversity)......Page 96
Presence of Other Chemicals......Page 97
Adaptation......Page 99
Light......Page 101
CHAPTER 5: HOW IS TOXICOLOGY STUDIED?......Page 103
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS......Page 104
Acute Toxicity......Page 105
Irritant and Corrosive Effects......Page 107
Sensitization and Photosensitization......Page 108
Chronic Toxicity......Page 109
Mutagenesis......Page 112
Carcinogenesis......Page 113
Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity......Page 116
UNITS OF TRACE QUANTITIES......Page 117
ANALYTICAL METHODS......Page 118
ANIMAL RIGHTS......Page 121
LD 50 and LC 50 Values......Page 125
Significance of LDs for Humans......Page 126
Poison Prevention......Page 131
Antidotes......Page 134
CHRONIC TOXICITY......Page 136
No - Effect Levels and Thresholds......Page 138
Margins of Safety......Page 139
Sufficient Challenge......Page 141
Bioaccumulation......Page 143
Genetic Code......Page 151
Mutations......Page 152
Significance of Mutations......Page 154
Mutation and Cancer......Page 157
What Is Cancer?......Page 160
Causes of Cancer......Page 162
Role of Mutation......Page 163
Incidence of Cancer......Page 164
Categories and Characteristics of Carcinogens......Page 165
Induction Periods......Page 168
Thresholds......Page 169
Practical Thresholds......Page 171
Benzo[a]pyrene......Page 172
Cancerophobia......Page 173
CHAPTER 8: DEVELOPMENTAL AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY......Page 175
Prepuberty Systems......Page 176
Adult Systems......Page 177
THE DEVELOPING INDIVIDUAL......Page 178
CHAPTER 9: CASE STUDIES IN TOXICOLOGY......Page 185
Dioxins: Seveso, Italy......Page 186
PCBs and Dibenzofurans: Yusho Disease......Page 191
Bophal, India......Page 195
DDT......Page 196
Metals......Page 199
Zinc......Page 200
Plastics......Page 201
Bisphenyl A......Page 202
INDOOR AIR POLLUTION......Page 203
WATER POLLUTION......Page 207
PHARMACEUTICALS......Page 208
Fen - Phen......Page 209
Vioxx......Page 210
Thalidomide......Page 211
ORIGINS OF MODERN EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 213
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF NONINFECTIOUS DISEASES......Page 215
Koch ’ s Postulates......Page 217
STUDY DESIGN: PRECEPTS AND PITFALLS......Page 219
UNREASONABLE EXPECTATIONS......Page 223
PROXIMATE EVENT APPROACH IN ASSIGNING CAUSE......Page 224
DISTRUST OF SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS......Page 226
PUBLIC HEALTH STATISTICS......Page 233
INHERENT RISK......Page 235
RISK ASSESSMENT......Page 237
PERCEIVED RISK......Page 240
ACCEPTABLE RISK......Page 242
RISK BENEFIT AND COST BENEFIT......Page 244
RISK COMMUNICATION......Page 247
RISK MANAGEMENT......Page 249
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 251
ABBREVIATIONS......Page 255
GLOSSARY......Page 257
APPENDIX A......Page 267
INDEX......Page 269