The Digital Twin

Foreword
Contents
Part I: Introduction
	The Digital Twin: What and Why?
		1 Introduction
		2 What Is a Digital Twin and Why Is It Important?
		3 How Is the Digital Twin Used Today, and What Are the Limits of Current Practice?
		4 What Is New in the Approach to Digital Twins and Why Do You Think It Will Be Successful?
		5 Who Cares About the Digital Twin? If DTs Are Successful, What Difference Will It Make?
		6 What Are the Risks in Using the Digital Twin?
		7 What Resources Are Necessary to Develop Digital Twins to Maturity and to Use Them, and What Are the Benefits?
			7.1 Building the Infrastructure
			7.2 Collecting the Data
			7.3 Building the Processes
			7.4 Building the Attitude
		8 How Long Will It Take to Develop and Launch the Digital Twin Approach into Widescale Common Practice?
		9 What Are the Mid-Term and Final “Exams” That May Verify That Digital Twins Have Met Their Goals?
		References
	The Business of Digital Twins
		1 The Future Influence of Digital Twins
			1.1 A Focus on the Future of the Enterprise
			1.2 At an Inflection Point
			1.3 The Maturation of Digital Twin Infrastructure and Supply Chains
			1.4 Enabling ‘Magnificent Powers of Perception’
			1.5 A Journey in a Digital Twin Future
		2 A Framework for the Business Side of Digital Twins
			2.1 A Digital Twin’s Jobs to Be Done
			2.2 The Design of Digital Twins
		3 Digital Twins and Business Models
			3.1 Multi-sided Platform/Market Business Model
			3.2 Aggregator Business Model
			3.3 Twin-as-a-Service (TaaS) Business Model
			3.4 New Business Model Possibilities
		4 Business Cases – Digital Twin Adoption and Adaptation
			4.1 Product Twin
			4.2 Operational Twin
			4.3 Behavioral/Experiential Twin
			4.4 Innovation Twin
			4.5 The Digital Twins of Enterprises and Ecosystems
		5 Digital First – A Twin Is Forever
			5.1 The Persistence of the Twin
			5.2 The Digital Possibility and Promise
			5.3 A Wave of Digital Twin Driven Innovation Will Create a Metaverse
			5.4 The Size of the Prize
		6 The Democratization of Digital Twins and the Metaverse
			6.1 With Democratization Comes Responsibility
		References
	The Dimension of Markets for the Digital Twin
		1 Greater Digital Maturity Is Needed to Drive Digital Twin Adoption
			1.1 Digital Maturity Index: From PoCs to Scaling Up
			1.2 Investment and ROI: More Begets More
			1.3 Change and Enablers: Skills, Leadership, and Governance
			1.4 Value Makers Versus Traditionalists
			1.5 The Time for Experimenting Is Over
		2 Key Digital Twin Use Cases to Drive Resilience, Optimization, and Sustainability
			2.1 Stress-Testing for Greater Resilience
			2.2 Optimizing Key Areas of the Business
				2.2.1 Network Optimization: Balance Between Service and Cost
				2.2.2 Process Optimization: Higher Efficiency and Productivity
				2.2.3 Inventory Optimization: Right Goods in the Right Place at the Right Cost
				2.2.4 Optimization in Action
			2.3 Fostering Big Strides in Sustainability
			2.4 Construction and Cities: Building Operational Efficiency Optimization Enabled by Digital Twin Technologies
				2.4.1 Case Study: Aden, China, Facility
			2.5 Consumer Packaged Goods: Sustainable Product Development Supported by LCA-Based 3D Modeling and Simulation
			2.6 Transportation and Mobility: Product Design, Prototyping, and Testing with Digital Twin Technologies
				2.6.1 Case Study: Large European OEM, Virtual Design and Verification
			2.7 Life Sciences: Manufacturing Plant Optimization for Pharmaceutical Products with Process Virtual Twins
				2.7.1 Case Study: Sanofi’s Framingham Lighthouse Facility
			2.8 Electrical and Electronics: Waste Electric and Electronic (WEEE) Equipment Value Recovery Supported by Digital Continuity
				2.8.1 Case Study: Circularise
		3 Conclusion
		References
	Digital Twins: Past, Present, and Future
		1 Introduction
		2 The First Digital Twin Model
		3 Digital Twin Model Today
		4 Digital Twin Scale and Scope
		5 Digital Twin Types
			5.1 Digital Twin Prototype (DTP)
			5.2 Digital Twin Instance (DTI)
			5.3 Digital Twin Aggregate (DTA)
		6 Digital Twin Types Throughout the Lifecycle
		7 Digital Twin Underlying Economics
		8 Digital Twin Fallacy
		9 Digital Twin Evolution
			9.1 Traditional – Phase 0
			9.2 Transitional – Phase 1
			9.3 Conceptual – Phase 2
			9.4 Replicative – Phase 3
			9.5 Front Running – Phase 4
		10 Digital Twin Progress Through Testing
		11 Conclusion
		References
Part II: Technologies
	Digital Twin Architecture – An Introduction
		1 About Architectures and Why They Are Important
		2 Brief History of Digital Twin
		3 Requirements for a Digital Twin Architecture
		4 Evolution of Digital Twin Architectures with Examples
			4.1 Principle Architecture of Digital Twins: Data, Model and Services
			4.2 Digital Twin Extensions to Design Tools as Part of the Product Lifecycle Management (PLM)
			4.3 Local Applications for Simulations and Visualization
			4.4 Modular Extensions of Digital Twins
			4.5 Cloud-Based Device Digital Twins
			4.6 Interaction System: Towards Communicating Digital Twins
			4.7 Multi-Actor Digital Twin
			4.8 Multi-Actor Distributed Digital Twins
			4.9 Overlay Digital Twins
		5 Common Building Blocks
			5.1 State Management
			5.2 Context Management
			5.3 History Management
			5.4 Cognitive Functions
			5.5 Event Processing
			5.6 What-If Simulations
		6 Summary and Outlook
		References
	Achieving Scale Through Composable and Lean Digital Twins
		1 Introduction
		2 The Value of a Composable Digital Twin
			2.1 What Is a Composable Digital Twin?
			2.2 What Is a Composable Business Application?
			2.3 The Composable Digital Twin Business Capability
			2.4 The Value of a Composable Digital Twin
			2.5 XMPro Digital Twin Composition Platform
		3 The Lean Digital Twin
			3.1 The Challenge and How Do We Want to Solve It?
			3.2 The Lean Digital Twin: What We Can Learn from the Lean Startup Approach
				3.2.1 The Lean Startup Methodology
				3.2.2 Minimum Viable Product
				3.2.3 Validated Learning
				3.2.4 Build-Measure-Learn
				3.2.5 A Practical Approach to Lean Startup
				3.2.6 Model
				3.2.7 Prioritize
				3.2.8 Test
				3.2.9 Applying a Lean Startup Approach to Digital Twins
				3.2.10 Benefits of Using a Lean Approach for Digital Twin Development
			3.3 The Lean Digital Twin Process: Lean Startup Applied to Digital Twins
			3.4 Conclusion
		4 Summary
		References
	The Role of Digital Twins for Trusted Networks in the “Production as a Service” Paradigm
		1 Motivation to Look at Digital Twins for Manufacturing
		2 Why Trusted Architectures are Important
			2.1 International Activities on Building Trusted Infrastructures
			2.2 European Activities on Building Trusted Infrastructures
			2.3 Collaborative Manufacturing Based on Data Sharing Along Value Chains
			2.4 Mobile Controlled Production – 5G for Digital Factories
		3 State of The Art: Factories Go wireless
			3.1 Use Cases and Different Level of Challenges
			3.2 Factories Go Wireless
			3.3 Flexible Communication Across Factory Hierarchies
			3.4 The Life Cycle of an Industrial 5G System and Beyond
			3.5 The Digital Twin as Enabler of Sustainability
		4 Outlook on Self Optimising Networked Factories
			4.1 A 5G DT Enabled Active Asset Administration Shell Model
			4.2 Enablers for a Continuous Update of the AAS or DT Models
			4.3 Self-Optimizing Factories and Production Units
			4.4 Standardization of 5G Network AAS and 5G UE AAS
			4.5 Trusted Cloud Infrastructures and Common Data Spaces
		References
	Integration of Digital Twins & Internet of Things
		1 The Internet of Things (IoT)
		2 IoT for DT
		3 IoT Platforms for DT
			3.1 DT-Oriented IoT Platforms
			3.2 An Abstract IoT Platform for DT
		4 DT for IoT
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Demystifying the Digital Twin: Turning Complexity into a Competitive Advantage
		1 Introduction
		2 The Value of the Digital Twin
		3 Digital Twin Hesitancy
		4 Beyond Technology—The People Behind the Processes
		5 Digital Transformation: Small Steps Lead to Giant Leaps
		6 The Comprehensive Digital Twin
		7 Design—Towering Cranes and Electrified Aircraft
			7.1 Advanced Industrial Cranes
			7.2 Electrifying Aircraft Propulsion
				7.2.1 A Foundation for Future Products
		8 Realize—Digitalizing the Production Line
			8.1 Digitalization Enables a New Production Concept
			8.2 State-of-the-Art Microchips Power Electronics of Tomorrow
				8.2.1 Digital Twin of Production Plant Shortens Machine Lead Time
				8.2.2 A New Generation of Lithography Systems
				8.2.3 Plant Digital Twin Becomes Part of the Decision-Making Tool Kit
		9 Optimize—Extending the Digital Twin to Assets in the Field
			9.1 Digital Twin Optimizes Asset Maintenance and Monitoring
		10 Summing Up—The Potential of the Digital Twin
		Reference
	Data and Data Management in the Context of Digital Twins
		1 Introduction
		2 Motivation: Why an Effective Data Description Is Important
		3 Data Management for Digital Twins
		4 Data in the Digital Twin Ecosystem
			4.1 Data structures
			4.2 Data Description
			4.3 Primary and Secondary Sources of Data
			4.4 Types of Data Sources
			4.5 Historical and Real Time Data
			4.6 The Digital Twin as Data and Communication Entity
		5 Ontology Creation and Example Framework
		6 Data Quality, Storage and Security
			6.1 Data Quality
			6.2 Data Storage – Distributed vs. Centralized and Information for a Digital Twin
			6.3 What Data to Store?
		7 Data in Digital Twin Ecosystems
			7.1 The Gemini Principles
			7.2 Data Security for Interoperability and the Future of the DT
			7.3 Data Exchange and Service Brokering Platforms
		8 Conclusions
		References
	Hybrid Twin: An Intimate Alliance of Knowledge and Data
		1 In Between All Physics and All Data
		2 Hybrid Description of Materials
		3 Hybrid Description of Manufacturing Processes
		4 Hybrid Description of Structures
		5 Hybrid Description of Complex Systems
		6 Hybrid Twin™: Implementation and Application in Manufacturing Industry
		References
	Artificial Intelligence and the Digital Twin: An Essential Combination
		1 Introduction
		2 Artificial Intelligence for Digital Twin
		3 Digital Twin Properties and Their Relationships with Artificial Intelligence
		4 The Digital Twin and Its Dependency on Data
		5 Designing a Smart Digital Twin System with AI
		6 Some Guidelines for Building AI Based Digital Twins
		7 Operational View on the Digital Twin
		8 Conclusion
		References
	A Graph-Based Cross-Vertical Digital Twin Platform for Complex Cyber-Physical Systems
		1 Introduction
		2 Rationale for a Cross-Domain Multi-sided Digital Twin Platform
			2.1 An Experimental Natively Multi-Level Graph-Based Digital Twin Platform
			2.2 A Multi-actor and Cross-Vertical Platform
		3 Cross-Vertical and Multi-actor Use Cases: Building, Industry, City, Telecom
			3.1 Digital Twins for Smart Building
				3.1.1 Context
				3.1.2 Aggregating and Sharing Digital Twins Between Multiple Building Professions and Services
				3.1.3 Experimentations
			3.2 Digital Twins for Smart Industry
				3.2.1 Context
				3.2.2 Modelling the Smart Factory Buildings, Production Chains and Flows Inside and Outside the Factory
				3.2.3 Experimentation
			3.3 Digital Twins for Telecommunication Infrastructures
				3.3.1 Context
				3.3.2 Aggregating and Sharing Digital Twins in a Telecom Infrastructure Ecosystem
			3.4 Digital Twins for Smart City and Territory
				3.4.1 Context
				3.4.2 Aggregating and Sharing Digital Twins Between Multiple Sectorial Actors
				3.4.3 Experimentation
		4 Advanced Graphs Modelling for Systems of Systems Digital Twins
			4.1 NGSI-LD as the Basis for Digital Twin Graphs
				4.1.1 Knowledge Graphs and Entity-Attribute Values: Not Expressive Enough for Digital Twins
				4.1.2 NGSI-LD Graphs: The Best Choice for Digital Twins
			4.2 Multi-level Structural Twinning of Cyber-Physical Systems
				4.2.1 Thing-Twins (TTs): Atomic Devices & Physical Entities as Graph Vertices
				4.2.2 System-Twins (STs): Self-Contained Systems as Rooted Subgraphs
				4.2.3 Systems of Systems Twins (SoSTs): Capturing Distributed and Complex Systems
			4.3 Semantics for Digital-Twin Graphs
		5 Thing’in Digital Twin Platform Design and Structuring Implementations Choices
			5.1 Platform Functional Architecture Overview
			5.2 Graph Storage: Mapping NGSI-LD Graphs onto Graph Databases
			5.3 Scalability and Federation of Multiple Platform Instances
			5.4 Multi-level Security
		6 Conclusion, Ongoing and Future Works
		References
	Cybersecurity and Dependability for Digital Twins and the Internet of Things
		1 Introduction
		2 Overview of Digital Twin Technology
		3 Entities Versus Objects
		4 Digital Twins for Modeling and Simulation
		5 Static and Dynamic Models
		6 Modeling, Data and Sensors
		7 Usage Scenarios for Digital Twins
		8 Monitoring of Real World Physical Objects
		9 Presentation Is Not Simulation
		10 Command, Control and Communications with Real-World Physical Objects
		11 Real-Time and Near Real-Time Systems, Digital Twins and IoT
		12 Deployment Environments and Architectures
		13 Cybersecurity
		14 Cybersecurity Challenges in Digital Twin and IoT Applications
		15 Recommendations for Building Robust Cybersecurity in Digital Twin and IoT Environments
		16 Dependable Systems and Trust
		17 Trust Considerations in Architecting Systems Using Digital Twins and IoT
		18 Conclusions
		References
	Infrastructure for Digital Twins: Data, Communications, Computing, and Storage
		1 Introduction
			1.1 A High-Level View of Digital Twins
				1.1.1 Data and Data Feeds
				1.1.2 Representation
				1.1.3 Control, Interfaces, and Displays
				1.1.4 Execution and Management
				1.1.5 Models, Simulations, and Emulation
				1.1.6 Analytics for Decisions and Action – The Operation of Digital Twins
				1.1.7 Testing, Verification, Validation, and Closing the Feedback Loop
				1.1.8 Operational Maintenance and Modification
			1.2 Application Domains for Digital Twins
		2 An Infrastructure Perspective Towards the Deployment of Digital Twins
		3 The End-to-End, Software-Defined Infrastructure for Digital Twins
		4 Digital Twins as Distributed Applications on the Software Defined Infrastructure – Use Cases
			4.1 Automotive
			4.2 Industrial
		5 The Software Defined Infrastructure at the Edge: Modern Edge Computing, Data Networking and Storage
			5.1 Edge Computing and Mission Critical Edge Computing
			5.2 Data Communications: Networking and Data Distribution
				5.2.1 Networking: Towards TSN and 5G
				5.2.2 Data Distribution Middleware at the Edge
			5.3 Edge Storage
			5.4 Edge Management and Orchestration
		6 Summary and Conclusions
		References
	Digital Twin for 5G Networks
		1 Perspective
		2 Background: 5G System and Its Management
		3 Model Complexity Considerations
		4 Network Impact on the 5G Digital Twin
		5 Self-Reconfiguration and Multi-Decision Governance
		6 Conclusions
		References
	Augmented Reality Training in Manufacturing Sectors
		1 Introduction
		2 Content Authoring in AR
			2.1 Authoring Tools Classification
			2.2 Methods and Systems
				2.2.1 Fully Automatic Authoring
				2.2.2 Video Retargeting
				2.2.3 Product Disassembly
				2.2.4 Printed Documents to AR Instructions
				2.2.5 Machine Learning-Based
				2.2.6 Motion-Capture
				2.2.7 Context-Aware and Adaptive Authoring
				2.2.8 Conclusion
		3 AR Training and Guidance
			3.1 AR Training Versus Traditional Training
			3.2 Use Cases in Manufacturing Sectors
			3.3 Non-industrial AR Training Research Works
			3.4 AR Adoption in the Industry
			3.5 Conclusion
		4 Information Conveyance Mediums for AR
			4.1 Handheld Display (HHD)
			4.2 Head Mounted Display (HMD)
			4.3 Desktop/Monitor-Based
			4.4 Spatial Augmented Reality (SAR)
			4.5 Screen-Based Video See-Through
		5 Industrial Challenges and Requirements
			5.1 Technological Challenges and Expert Knowledge
			5.2 User Acceptance and Shop Floor Reluctance
			5.3 System Performance and Usability
			5.4 Safety, Psychological and Physiological Concerns
			5.5 Efficiency and Viability
			5.6 KPI and Costs
		6 An AR Training System Adapted to Manual Assembly
			6.1 Authoring
				6.1.1 Concept
					Assembly Process Description Formalization
						Assembly Chunking
						The 2W1H Principle
					Visual Representation of Assembly Expertise
						Low-Cost Visual Assets
						CAD Data
					In-situ Authoring
					Immersive Authoring (WYSIWYG)
					AR Contents Registration
					On-the-Fly Authoring
					AR HMD Device (Hololens 2)
					Independent, One-Step Authoring Process
				6.1.2 Content Authoring Methodology and Principles
					What – Text Description
					Where – Auxiliary Data (i.e., 2D Arrow)
					How – Assembly Photo or Video Demonstration
				6.1.3 Authoring an AR Work Instruction
			6.2 Training
				6.2.1 Information Representation of Assembly Operations in AR
				6.2.2 Information Conveyance Methodology and Principles
					What
					Where
					How
				6.2.3 Conveying an AR Work Instruction
		References
	Digital Twin Standards, Open Source, and Best Practices
		1 Overview
		2 ISO/TC 184 (Industrial Data)
			2.1 ISO 23247
			2.2 ISO 23247-1
			2.3 ISO 23247-2
			2.4 ISO 23247-3
			2.5 ISO 23247-4
		3 ISO/IEEE for Smart Health
			3.1 ISO/IEEE 11073
			3.2 Healthcare Systems Based on ISO/IEEE 11073 Standards for Digital Twins
		4 IEC TC65
		5 oneM2M
		6 ETSI NGSI-LD
		7 Open-Source Activities
		8 Best Practices Around the World (Table 4)
			8.1 General Electric (Fig. 9)
			8.2 DHL & Tetra Pak
			8.3 Virtual Terminal
				8.3.1 Fiware4water
		9 Conclusions and Remarks
		References
	Open Source Practice and Implementation for the Digital Twin
		1 Introduction
		2 What Is Open Source
		3 The Engineering Economics of Open Source Software (Component Consumption)
		4 Healthy Open Source Licensed Projects
			4.1 Project Activities
			4.2 Software Construction Activities
			4.3 Community Development Activities
		5 The Engineering Economics of Open Source Software (Project Production)
			5.1 “In the Wild” Projects
			5.2 For-Profit Companies Producing OSI-Licensed Projects
			5.3 Context Projects
			5.4 Complement Projects
			5.5 Core Value Proposition Projects
			5.6 Projects, Products, and Branding Challenges
			5.7 Evolving Non-Profit Engagements
		6 The Digital Twin Consortium Open Source Collaboration Community
			6.1 Components of a Digital Twin System (Fig. 6)
				6.1.1 The IT/OT Platform
				6.1.2 Virtual Representation
				6.1.3 Service Interfaces
				6.1.4 Application and Services
		References
Part III: The Digital Twin in Operation
	Welcome to the Complex Systems Age: Digital Twins in Action
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Are Digital Twins a Fad?
			1.2 A Computational Divide
		2 Leadership Matters: A Digital Divide No More
			2.1 The Dawn of the Complex Systems Age: A New Paradigm for a Complex World
		3 Digital Twins: In the Coming Metaverse Reality
		4 Digital Twin Implementations: Where to Start?
		5 The Organizational Resources Necessary for Implementing a Digital Twins Strategy
			5.1 Clear Business Benefits Lead to Digital Twin Success
			5.2 How to Plan for a Successful Digital Twin Strategy
			5.3 Responsive Supply Chains for the Real World
			5.4 Healthcare Stretched to the Breaking Point
			5.5 Manufacturing in the Complex Systems Age
			5.6 Transportation in a Hyperconnected World
		6 Privacy, Digital Twins, and Security
			6.1 What Could Happen?
		7 Digital Twins and the Multiverse: A Word of Caution
		8 Getting Started: There Is No Time to Waste
		References
	Physics in a Digital Twin World
		1 Introduction
		2 The Importance of “Why”
		3 What Is a Digital Twin?
		4 The Value of the Digital Twin
		5 The Role of Physics
		6 Sample Use Case: Helicopters
		7 Applying Physics to Predict Life: The DigitalClone® and the Prognostic Integration Architecture
		8 The Multiscale Framework Approach
		9 Building a Hybrid Framework – Physics + Data Science
		References
	Operating Digital Twins Within an Enterprise Process
		1 Introduction
			1.1 The Modern Enterprise Will Greatly Benefit from the Digital Twin Methodology
			1.2 Digital Twin Enterprise Methodology Vision
			1.3 Modern Enterprise Digital Twin Methodology
		2 Enterprise Processes and Phase Reviews in the Age of Digital Twins
		3 Product Conceptual Phase
			3.1 Model-Based Design and Digital Twins in the Conceptual Phase
			3.2 Digital Twin Examples in the Conceptual Phase
			3.3 Outcomes of the Conceptual Phase
		4 Product Development Phase
			4.1 Multi-domain Modeling and Analysis
			4.2 GPUs for Multi-domain Analysis
			4.3 System Health Management (SHM) Twins in the Product Development Phase
			4.4 Digital Twins, SIL and Human-in-the-Loop Cockpit Simulation
			4.5 Digital Twins in Product Development at GE
		5 Product Testing, Qualification and Certification Phase
			5.1 Digital Twins in Product Testing
			5.2 Update of SHM Digital Twins in Product Testing
		6 Product Operations, Manufacturing, Quality Management and Distribution Phase
		7 Product Customer Effectiveness and Support Phase
			7.1 Digital Twin-Aided Customer Support
			7.2 Digital Twin-Aided Training and Assessment
			7.3 Health Management of Sikorsky S-92
		8 Product Improvement Phase
		9 Product End of Life and Environmentally Suitable Termination Phase
		10 Organizational Structures in the ERA of Digital Twin Methodology
		11 What to Watch Out for in Implementing the DT Methodology?
		12 Enterprise Value Proposition
		13 Concluding Thoughts
		References
	The Digital Twin for Operations, Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul
		1 Considered Use Case
		2 The Role of Digital Twins in the Use of Product Systems
		3 Learning from the Field
		4 Maintenance with Digital Twins
		5 Repair with Digital Twins
		6 Overhaul with Digital Twins
		7 Conclusion
		References
	Digital Twins of Complex Projects
		1 Digital Twins and Complex Projects
			1.1 The Potential for Digital Twins
			1.2 Digital Models, Shadows, and Twins
		2 Digital Projections and “People in the Loop” Project Systems
			2.1 Complex Projects as Sociotechnical Systems
			2.2 Interplay Beyond All or Nothing Data Automation
		3 Emerging Models of Project Teams and Work Since 1900
			3.1 Classic Methods
			3.2 Development of Project Design
		4 Digital Models of Complex Projects
			4.1 Model-Building During Early Planning of Projects
			4.2 Case Study 1: Project Digital Model – Construction Vehicle Development
		5 Digital Projection of Complex Projects
			5.1 Forecasts and Ongoing Interaction with Model, Options, and Decisions
			5.2 Case Study 2: Industrial Equipment
		6 Digital Shadow of Complex Projects
			6.1 What Is Really Happening in the Project as Sociotechnical System?
			6.2 Case 3: Instrumentation of Teamwork During Project Design
		7 Digital Thread for Complex Projects
			7.1 Digital Twin Role in Search and Persistence
			7.2 How to Promote Model Persistence
			7.3 Persistence Benefits Through a Digital Twin
		8 Conclusion and Future Directions
			8.1 Project as a Problem-Solving Ecosystem
		References
	The Role of the Digital Twin in Oil and Gas Projects and Operations
		1 Introduction
		2 Value in the Oil and Gas Sector
		3 Digital Twins in Oil and Gas Projects
		4 Digital Twins in Oil and Gas Operations
			4.1 Visualization
			4.2 Workflow
			4.3 Training
			4.4 Simulation
			4.5 Hosting
			4.6 Cybersecurity
			4.7 Levels of Integration
		5 The Future of Digital Twins in Oil and Gas
		6 Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Digital Twins
		7 Future Technology Advances Supporting Digital Twins
		8 Summary
		References
Part IV: Vertical Domains for Digital Twin Applications and Use Cases
	Digital Twins Across Manufacturing
		1 Introduction
		2 Defining Digital Twin of Manufacturing
			2.1 Early Deployments: Digital Manufacturing
			2.2 MRP as an Early Digital Twin
		3 Key Characteristics of Digital Twins in Manufacturing
			3.1 Timeliness
			3.2 Scope
			3.3 Data
			3.4 Process
			3.5 Supply Chain
			3.6 3D (Three Dimensional) Models
			3.7 Analytics
			3.8 Simulation
		4 Differences Across Manufacturing Industries
			4.1 Manufacturing Digital Twin in Process Manufacturing
			4.2 A Customer Example in the Mining Industry
			4.3 Manufacturing Digital Twin in Discrete Manufacturing
			4.4 A Customer Example of Digital Twin in Discrete Manufacturing: An Automotive OEM
		5 Digital Twin of Supply Chains
			5.1 Manufacturing or Supply Chain?
			5.2 A Customer Example of Digital Twin of the Supply Chain: An Aerospace Supplier
		6 Is It One or Many Digital Twins?
		7 Use Cases and Users of Digital Twins of Manufacturing
			7.1 Users of DTM in Asset Performance Management
			7.2 Process Optimization
			7.3 Users of DTM in Process Optimization
			7.4 Plant Optimization
			7.5 Users of DTM for Plant Optimization
			7.6 Supply Chain Optimization
			7.7 Users of DTM in Supply Chain Optimization
			7.8 Capturing Intellectual Property
		8 Business Value of Digital Twins in Manufacturing
		9 How to Realize the Benefits of Digital Twins in Your Organization
			9.1 Start
			9.2 Pursue a Step-Wise Strategy: Systematically Start with Your Largest Pain and Devise a Plan for Quick Wins, Then Pursue Bigger Challenges
			9.3 Deploying a Business Led Technology Strategy
			9.4 Develop a Governance and Lifecycle Approach for Manufacturing Digital Twins
			9.5 Expand Your IT Competencies
			9.6 Plan for End-to-End System Integration
		10 The Time Is Now
		References
	Leading the Transformation in the Automotive Industry Through the Digital Twin
		1 Electrification Aims for the Mainstream
		2 Automotive’s Digital Revolution
		3 The Road to Full Autonomy
		4 Recap – Industry Trends Drive Large-Scale Disruption
		5 Vehicle Definition and Design
		6 The Digital Twin Fast Tracks Automotive Manufacturing
			6.1 Lightweight Designs
			6.2 Modular Platforms Demand Flexible Production
		7 Digital Twin Enables Early Verification
		8 Extending the Digital Twin Through Cloud-Based Analytics
			8.1 Collaboration and Supply Chain Management
		9 Tomorrow’s Vehicle Designs Enabled Through Digitalization
		References
	Digital Twins in Shipbuilding and Ship Operation
		1 Introduction
		2 The Shipbuilding Process: Concept through Disposal
		3 Commercial and Naval Shipbuilding
		4 The Naval Ship Enterprise
		5 Naval Shipbuilding – Between a Production Line and a Custom Fabrication and Assembly Shop
		6 Types of Digital Twins
		7 Uses, Advantages and Goals of Using Digital Twins
		8 Digital Twin Enabling Technologies
		9 Barriers to Broad Implementation of Digital Twins
		10 Business Model Implications of Using Digital Twins
		11 Recommendations for Future Development
		12 Next Steps
		13 Conclusions
	Digital-Age Construction – Manufacturing Convergence
		1 Preamble: Rethinking Construction Is no Longer an Internal Affair
		2 Construction Faces Decades of Falling Behind the Digital Economy
		3 Construction-Manufacturing Convergence, What Does It Mean?
			3.1 It All Comes to One Question
			3.2 The ABC of the Digital-Age Manufacturing
			3.3 Explaining the Construction-Manufacturing Gap in Business Performance
		4 Construction Business Digitization Went Wrong for Too Long
		5 Industries that Perfected the Digital-Age Production System
			5.1 Concorde, a Pre-digital Great Success in Distributed Production
			5.2 Automotive, the First Sector to Embrace Digital-Age Distributed Production
			5.3 Fifteen Million Parts Make a Gigantic Floating Hotel
			5.4 Aerospace, Digital-Age Distributed Production at Its Best
		6 Digital-Age Construction Performance: It Can Be Done
			6.1 Successes in Construction Manufacturing and Supply Chain Management
		7 Convincing Successes in Construction Business Digitization
			7.1 The ITER Digital Story: Digital-3D, the “Common” Engineering Language for 32 Participating Countries
			7.2 “Digital Gehry” Is an Extraordinary Success Based on Practical Business Strategy
			7.3 3D Is Creative Freedom: Sydney Opera House Versus Disney Concert Hall
			7.4 CSA, Decades of Digital Successes for 129 Nuclear Plants/Units
		8 Calls to Action
			8.1 The Egan Report Was the First Convincing Call to Rethink Construction
			8.2 CERF: Ten Years of Promoting “Learning from Manufacturing”
			8.3 McKinsey & Company: The “Reinventing Construction” Imperative
			8.4 Governments, the Springboard for Construction Industry Transformation
			8.5 Digital-Age Education of Engineers, Technicians, and Project Managers
		9 From Wooden Mock-Up to Digital Twin: An Amazing Story of Progress
			9.1 When the Product Twin Was a Wooden or Plastic Mock-Up
			9.2 The Advent of Digital 3D Modeling
			9.3 Boeing 777, a Giant Step to Digital-Age Aerospace Engineering
			9.4 River Bend Nuclear Station: 40 Years of Digital Success!
			9.5 From 3D Product Modeling to PLM
			9.6 Digital Twin: the Culmination of Four Decades of Digital Progress
		References
	Thriving Smart Cities
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Cities Are Evolving (Fig. 2)
			1.2 This Is Where Digital Twins Kick In
		2 Digital Twins of Cities
			2.1 Digital Twins of Cities: What Do They Look Like?
			2.2 Digital Twins of Cities: Bringing Incredible Value?
			2.3 Digital Twins of Cities: 7 City Challenges
		3 Smarter Cities
			3.1 Smart Cities: The Core Building Blocks
			3.2 Smarter Cities: The “People-Centric” Approach Through Digital Twins
			3.3 Smarter Cities: Initiatives
			3.4 Smarter Cities: Areas of Impact
			3.5 Smarter Cities: People-Centric Success Stories
		4 Urban Data
			4.1 Urban Data: Where from?
			4.2 Urban Data: Shared Open Data Is Fundamental
			4.3 Urban Data: Use a Carrot Not the Stick!
		5 Urban Digital Twins (UDTs)
			5.1 Urban Digital Twins: A Growing Global Market
			5.2 Urban Digital Twins: Huge Cost Savings
			5.3 Urban Digital Twins: Key Advantages
			5.4 Urban Digital Twins: What International Organizations Say
			5.5 Urban Digital Twins: Areas of Application
			5.6 Urban Digital Twins: Built Layer-by-Layer
			5.7 Summary: Maturity Models of Digital Twins in Cities
		6 Smart City Digital Twins
			6.1 Smart City Digital Twins: We Need a Common Language
			6.2 Smart City Digital Twins: Building the Future
			6.3 Caution – Beware!
			6.4 Smart City Digital Twins (SCDTs): Achieving Urban Sustainability
		7 Thriving Future for Cities
		Appendix: Maturity Models of Digital Twins in Cities
		References
	Digital Twins for Nuclear Power Plants and Facilities
		1 Introduction
		2 Nuclear Power Plant Lifecycle
			2.1 Safety and Risk Profile
			2.2 Safety Management
			2.3 Aging Management
		3 Defining the Digital Twin for Nuclear Energy Systems
		4 Digital Twins Supporting Design, Licensing, and Construction
			4.1 Design and Licensing of a Nuclear Power Plant
			4.2 The Decision to Build a Nuclear Power Plant and Determination of Plant Type
			4.3 Integration of Design, Construction, and Commissioning
			4.4 Application to Construction Planning and Management
			4.5 DT Applications to Advanced Non-LWR Reactor Design
		5 Digital Twins Supporting Operations and Maintenance
			5.1 Design and Operation of the Nuclear Reactor Core and Fuel
			5.2 Online Plant Condition Monitoring, Diagnostics, and Prognosis for Risk-Based Maintenance
			5.3 Operator Training Simulators Based on Virtual Plant Models
			5.4 In-Core Radiation Dose Mapping
			5.5 Nuclear Materials Tracking and Criticality Control
			5.6 Cyber-Physical Security
		6 Digital Twins Supporting Decommissioning and Dismantling
			6.1 The Pleiades Project
		7 Digital Twins Supporting Fusion Reactor Design
			7.1 Introduction
			7.2 Fusion Reactor Design Workflow
			7.3 Fusion Energy Reactor Models Integrator (FERMI)
				7.3.1 Integrated Simulation of the ARC Reactor Blanket
				7.3.2 Dual-Coolant Lead–Lithium Blanket Integrated Simulation
		8 Digital Twin Enabling Technologies
		9 Digital Twins for Nuclear Reactors: A Vision for the Future
			9.1 Adoption Pathways for the Existing Fleet of Nuclear Reactors
			9.2 Vision for the Next Generation of Advanced Reactors
		10 Conclusion and Summary
		References
	Digital Twin for Healthcare and Lifesciences
		1 Introduction
		2 Creating a Virtual Twin of the Human Body
		3 The Reason to Believe: The Living Heart Project
			3.1 A Virtual Medical Reference
			3.2 Enabling Clinical Decisions with 3D Experiences
			3.3 Helping Underserved Patient Populations
		4 Reaching a New Step with the Brain
			4.1 Testing the Living Brain: Epilepsy Research
		5 Expanding to New Horizons
			5.1 Living Cells: Stopping Diseases at Their Source
			5.2 Living Microbiota: Virtual Gut Health
		6 Virtual Twins in Action
			6.1 Population & Disease Models
			6.2 Cohort Models
			6.3 Uniting Virtual + Real to Go Beyond Health Records
		7 Day-to-Day Healthy Life with Digital Twins
			7.1 Personal and Collective Data Intelligence
			7.2 Healthy Living and Quality of Life
			7.3 Continuous, Contextual, and Connected Journeys
			7.4 New Business Model Calling for a New Platform
		8 Supporting an Emerging Ecosystem of Virtual Twin Innovators
		9 Conclusion
		References
	The Digital Twin in Human Activities: The Personal Digital Twin
		1 Introduction
		2 The Basics of Personal Digital Twin (PDT)
			2.1 Capabilities of Future PDT Systems
				2.1.1 Acquisition: Biometric Information Based Digital Twin
				2.1.2 Perception and Senses: Synaesthesia Twin
				2.1.3 Cognition and Control: Transplantation Twin
			2.2 Key Technologies of Acquisition and Sensing
				2.2.1 In Vivo Acquisition
				2.2.2 Ex Vivo Acquisition
				2.2.3 Synesthesia Acquisition
			2.3 Wireless Body Area Network
			2.4 Technology Outlook and Key Considerations
		3 Multi-system Fusion of PDT
			3.1 Data-Level Fusion
			3.2 Feature-Level Fusion
			3.3 Decision-Level Fusion
		4 Experimental PDT Platforms of Multi-system Fusion
			4.1 Four Sets of PDT Data Acquisition
			4.2 A Motion Twin to Augment PD Detection with Gait Analysis
				4.2.1 Gait Cycle
				4.2.2 Experimental Motion Paradigm for Data Acquisition
				4.2.3 Data Analytics for Motion State Recognition
				4.2.4 The Motion Twin Setup and Experiment Progress
			4.3 BCI and Vital Sign Components of Synesthesia Twin
				4.3.1 Brainwaves and BCIs
				4.3.2 Data Analytics for Multi-source Fusion of BCI
				4.3.3 The Brain Twin Setup and Experiment Progress
		5 Global Status of the PDT Ecosystem
			5.1 BCI and Biosensors
			5.2 5G+ Medical and Health
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Digital Twin and Cultural Heritage – The Future of Society Built on History and Art
		1 Cultural Heritage: A Definition by UNESCO
		2 Digital Twins: Two Definitions That Best Apply to Cultural Heritage
		3 Digital Twin for the Cultural Heritage and Its Value
		4 Technologies in Use for the Creation of Digital Cultural Heritage
		5 Virtual Archeology
			5.1 Ancient Rome
		6 Museums and Its Digital Ecosystem
			6.1 Online Collections-Databases
			6.2 3D-Scanning and Photography
			6.3 CASE STUDY- The Digital Twins of Raphael’s Cartoons, Victoria & Albert Museum (London, UK)
			6.4 DIGITAL TWIN into PHYSICAL TWIN – 3D Printing
			6.5 CASE STUDY- Michelangelo, David, Galleria dell’Accademia, Firenze, 3D Print
			6.6 Digital into Immersive Experiences
			6.7 Case Study – Immersive Van Gogh
			6.8 Museum Operations
			6.9 CASE STUDY-The Ballroom and St. Francis of Assisi Church in the Pampulha Modern Ensemble, Belo Horizonte, Capital of Minas Gerais State, Brazil
			6.10 Virtual Connectivity Generates Public: Some Numbers
		7 Using Digital to Make Art
			7.1 Digital Artists
			7.2 NFT – Non-fungible Token
		8 Technologies in Use for Art Conservation and Art Restoration: Some Examples
		9 Educating to Digital Cultural Heritage
			9.1 The Future Digital Culture Heritage Professionals
			9.2 Active Participation of Viewers
		10 Digital Cultural Heritage and Tourism in Europe
			10.1 CASE STUDY-The Europeana Pro Platform
		11 Creating Standards – The Road to Success
		References
	Digital Twin and Education in Manufacturing
		1 Introduction
		2 Theoretical Framework
			2.1 Digital Twin
			2.2 Lifecycle Modelling
			2.3 Visualization Technologies
				2.3.1 Model Visualization
				2.3.2 Virtual Reality
				2.3.3 Augmented Reality
		3 Illustrative Examples
			3.1 University
				3.1.1 Scheduling
				3.1.2 Condition-Based Maintenance
				3.1.3 Internet of Things
			3.2 Vocational School
		4 Future Trends and Challenges
		References
Part V: Conclusion
	Future Evolution of Digital Twins
		1 Introduction
		2 Evolution
			2.1 Data Capture
			2.2 Data Management
			2.3 Intelligence
			2.4 Connectivity
			2.5 Visualisation
			2.6 Autonomy
			2.7 Swarm
			2.8 Integrity and Security
		3 The Future Is Already Here
			3.1 The Spatial Web – Or – Say Good Bye to the One Universe
			3.2 The Digital Twin of Everything
				3.2.1 Automotive
				3.2.2 Construction
				3.2.3 Personal Digital Twins
				3.2.4 Healthcare
				3.2.5 Retail
				3.2.6 Smart Cities
			3.3 A Holistic Perception of a Mixed Reality as the Future Web Interface
			3.4 Smart Assets – Establishing a Digital Economy
			3.5 Augmentation in the Real Environment
		4 Future Applications of Digital Twins
			4.1 Cognitive Digital Twins – Knowledge Management
			4.2 Education
			4.3 Human Augmentation – Avatars Humans/CDTs/DTs
			4.4 Cooperative Working
			4.5 Self Creation of Digital Twins – Meta Twins, Swarms
		5 Open Issues
			5.1 Accountability and Trust
			5.2 Platforms, Federation, Standards
		6 Epilog
		References
	Societal Impacts: Legal, Regulatory and Ethical Considerations for the Digital Twin
		1 Introduction
		2 Assessing the Availability and Different Forms of IP Protection for the Digital Twin
			2.1 Patent Rights
				2.1.1 Patent Protection – Digital Twin Examples (From Oil and Gas Projects and Operation)
			2.2 Trade Secret Rights
				2.2.1 Trade Secret Protection – Digital Twin Examples (From Oil and Gas Projects and Operation)
			2.3 Copyright Rights
				2.3.1 Copyright Protection – Digital Twin Examples (From Oil and Gas Projects and Operation)
			2.4 Trademark Rights
		3 Conducting IP Due Diligence Search and Review in Connection with Freedom to Operate and IP Clearance Opinions
		4 Assessing and Negotiating Necessary Contract Rights and Establishing a Licensing Regime for the Digital Twin Technology
		5 Identifying and Assessing Compliance with Applicable US and International Government Regulations
			5.1 Privacy and Data Protection
				5.1.1 Regulatory Framework
				5.1.2 Security of Connected Technologies
				5.1.3 Compliance Strategy and Best Practices
		6 Assessing the Digital Twin Technology for Potential Bias, Trustworthiness and Transparency, and Developing a Mitigation Strategy
			6.1 Regulatory Framework
			6.2 Developing a Mitigation Strategy
		7 Summary and Conclusions
	The Digital Twin in Action and Directions for the Future
		1 Introduction
		2 The Digital Twin as a Technique Driven by Context
		3 The Exploring Range of Digital Twins Across Domains and Verticals
		4 The Value of the Digital Twin
		5 The Great Diversity in the Digital Twin Approaches
		6 The Common Aspects of Digital Twins
		7 Technical Complexity of Digital Twins
		8 The Impact of Digital Twins on Organizational Structure
		9 Adoption, Implementation, and Deployment of Digital Twins – The Importance of Human Factors
		10 What We Learned from Writing This Book
		11 Getting the Most Out of Digital Twins
		References
Index