The Desulfurization of Heavy Oils and Residua (Chemical Industries)

Desulfurization of Heavy Oils and Residua, Second Edition, The......Page 2
Preface to the Second Edition......Page 5
Preface to the First Edition......Page 7
Contents......Page 10
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 13
2. HISTORY......Page 22
3. DEFINITIONS......Page 25
4. OCCURRENCE......Page 37
4.1 Petroleum......Page 38
4.3 Bitumen ( Extra Heavy Oil)......Page 40
4.4 Residua......Page 43
5. SULFUR IN PETROLEUM......Page 46
REFERENCES......Page 48
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 51
2.1 Elemental (Ultimate) Analysis......Page 56
2.2 Metals Content......Page 57
2.3 Density and Specific Gravity......Page 61
2.4 Viscosity......Page 67
2.5 Carbon Residue......Page 78
2.6 Specific Heat......Page 79
2.7 Heat of Combustion......Page 80
3. CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS......Page 84
4. MOLECULAR WEIGHT......Page 85
5. OTHER PROPERTIES......Page 86
6. USE OF THE DATA......Page 89
REFERENCES......Page 91
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 95
2. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION......Page 105
2.1 Hydrocarbon Compounds......Page 106
2.2 Sulfur Compounds......Page 109
2.3 Nitrogen Compounds......Page 111
2.4 Oxygen Compounds......Page 116
2.5 Metallic Compounds......Page 117
3. PHYSICAL ( BULK) COMPOSITION......Page 118
3.1 Asphaltene Separation......Page 121
3.2 Fractionation......Page 125
4. USE OF THE DATA......Page 128
4.1 Property Prediction......Page 131
4.2 Predicting Separations......Page 133
4.3 Process Predictability......Page 135
REFERENCES......Page 136
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 139
2. THERMODYNAMIC ASPECTS......Page 144
3. KINETICS OF HYDRODESULFURIZATION......Page 146
4. SULFUR REMOVAL DURING REFINING......Page 153
4.1 Thermal Cracking......Page 154
4.2 Catalytic Cracking......Page 155
4.3 Hydrogenation......Page 160
5. MACROMOLECULAR CONCEPTS......Page 165
6. SEDIMENT FORMATION......Page 175
REFERENCES......Page 176
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 180
2. PROCESS DESCRIPTION......Page 183
3. REACTOR DESIGN......Page 189
3.1 The Downflow Fixed- Bed Reactor......Page 192
3.2 The Radial- Flow Fixed- Bed Reactor......Page 193
3.3 The Upflow Expanded- Bed Reactor ( Particulate Fluidized- Bed Reactor)......Page 195
4. CATALYSTS......Page 196
5. CATALYST BED PLUGGING......Page 205
6. CATALYST POISONING......Page 210
7.1 Reactor Temperature......Page 211
7.2 Hydrogen Pressure......Page 213
7.3 Liquid Hourly Space Velocity......Page 215
REFERENCES......Page 216
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 218
2.1 Low-Boiling Distillates......Page 231
2.3 Heavy Oils and Residua......Page 234
3. FEEDSTOCK COMPOSITION......Page 240
3.1 Asphaltene and Resin Content......Page 247
3.2 Metals Content......Page 259
4. PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION......Page 261
REFERENCES......Page 263
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 266
2. DISTILLATION......Page 267
2.1 Atmospheric Distillation......Page 271
2.2 Vacuum Distillation......Page 281
3. VISBREAKING......Page 282
4. CATALYTIC CRACKING......Page 286
5. COKING......Page 291
5.1 Delayed Coking......Page 294
5.2 Fluid Coking......Page 296
6. HYDROPROCESSING......Page 299
7. DEASPHALTING......Page 306
8. FEEDSTOCK MODIFICATION......Page 310
REFERENCES......Page 311
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 314
2.1 Asphalt Coking Technology ( ASCOT) Process......Page 319
2.2 Cherry- P ( Comprehensive Heavy Ends Reforming Refinery) Process......Page 320
2.3 ET- II Process......Page 321
2.4 Eureka Process......Page 322
2.5 The Fluid Thermal Cracking ( FTC) Process......Page 323
2.6 The High Conversion Soaker Cracking ( HSC) Process......Page 325
3. CATALYTIC CRACKING PROCESSES......Page 326
3.1 Asphalt Residual Treating ( ART) Process......Page 329
3.3 Heavy Oil Treating ( HOT) Process......Page 330
3.4 R2R Process......Page 332
3.6 Shell FCC Process......Page 333
3.8 MSCC Process......Page 335
4. SOLVENT PROCESSES......Page 336
4.1 Deep Solvent Deasphalting Process......Page 337
4.2 Demex Process......Page 339
4.3 MDS Process......Page 340
4.4 Residuum Oil Supercritical Extraction ( ROSE) Process......Page 343
REFERENCES......Page 344
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 347
2.1 Asphaltenic Bottom Cracking ( ABC) Process......Page 355
2.3 CANMET Hydrocracking Process......Page 357
2.4 Chevron RDS Isomax and VRDS Process......Page 362
2.5 Chevron Deasphalted Oil Hydrotreating Process......Page 363
2.6 Gulf Resid Hydrodesulfurization Process......Page 365
2.7 H- Oil Process......Page 366
2.9 Hyvahl F Process......Page 370
2.10 IFP Hydrocracking Process......Page 374
2.11 Isocracking Process......Page 375
2.12 LC- Fining Process......Page 376
2.13 Microcat- RC Process......Page 380
2.14 MRH Process......Page 381
2.15 RCD Unibon ( BOC) Process......Page 385
2.18 Shell Residual Oil Hydrodesulfurization......Page 387
2.19 Unicracking Hydrodesulfurization Process......Page 391
2.20 Veba Combi- Cracking ( VCC) Process......Page 395
REFERENCES......Page 396
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 398
2.1 Heavy Residue Gasification and Combined Cycle Power Generation......Page 402
2.3 Hydrocarbon Gasification......Page 403
2.5 Partial Oxidation ( Texaco Gasification) Process......Page 404
2.7 Steam- Methane Reforming......Page 406
2.8 Steam- Naphtha Reforming......Page 409
2.9 Synthesis Gas Generation......Page 410
REFERENCES......Page 412
Conversion Factors......Page 413
Glossary......Page 414