مشخصات کتاب

The "Dangerous Class" and Revolutionary Theory: Thoughts on the Making of the Lumpen/Proletariat

ویرایش:  
نویسندگان: J. Sakai  
سری:  
ISBN (شابک) : 1894946901, 9781894946902 
ناشر:  
سال نشر: 2017 
تعداد صفحات: 148 
زبان: English 
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) 
حجم فایل: 22 مگابایت 

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توجه داشته باشید کتاب "طبقه خطرناک" و نظریه انقلابی: اندیشه هایی در مورد ایجاد لومپن/پرولتاریا نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.

توضیحاتی در مورد کتاب "طبقه خطرناک" و نظریه انقلابی: اندیشه هایی در مورد ایجاد لومپن/پرولتاریا

بحران تئوری انقلابی در حال حاضر این است که خیلی قدیمی و منسوخ شده است. به این معنی که در عمل تا حد زیادی غیر قابل استفاده است. این به عنوان یک واقعیت عملی درک می شود و معمولاً وقتی مردم برای بازی بیرون می روند، نظریه انقلابی را در اتاق زیر شیروانی پشت سر می گذاریم. این در هیچ کجا درست‌تر از لومپن/پرولتاریا نیست، که دراماتیک‌ترین و گریزان‌ترین «طبقات» ممکن است یا شاید نباشد. این مهم است زیرا جنبش انقلابی و لومپن رابطه بسیار طولانی‌تر و درگیرتری نسبت به آنچه ما به طور کامل در اختیار داشتیم، دارند. چه انقلابیون فکر کنند خوب است یا نه، لومپن نقش مهمی در آینده همه خواهد داشت. پس جای بهتری برای شروع بازسازی ابزار تئوری وجود ندارد. جرم انگاری شرط اساسی سرمایه داری متاخر ما است که به طور متناقضی در حال رشد و در عین حال در حال فروپاشی، درخشان، اما به طور فزاینده ای رو به زوال است. شکل دادن به منطقه فقیرترین و استثمارشدگان در جامعه پست مدرن، منطقه محرومان که همه آن را می شناسند. در اینجا اغلب به آن شهر داخلی یا رز می گویند. همان‌طور که در جاهای دیگر فاولا یا گتو، بانتوستان یا بنلیو نامیده می‌شود. هر ملت یا جامعه سرمایه داری نام خاص خود را دارد. همیشه متفاوت است و همیشه یکسان است، زیرا جایی است که محرومان باید جمع شوند، زندگی کنند و برای زنده ماندن تلاش کنند. اینجا جایی است که جنایت در جلوی آن قرار دارد و لومپن/پرولتاریا به صورت انبوه به صورت قطعات دندانه دار یا اقشار «طبقه جزئی» تولید می شوند. در حالی که لومپن ها از همه طبقات سقوط می کنند، در این مناطق محرومان است که به شخصیت باز و توده ای می رسند. اینکه خودشان بتوانند زندگی بخش‌هایی از محله را در دست بگیرند و آن را «خانه» کنند. خارج از این فرهنگ ماندگار و جرم انگاری منطقه، لومپن/پرولترها پیوسته به تعداد بیشتر و بیشتر ساخته می شوند، حتی در پیشرفته ترین و مرفه ترین کشورهای «تمدن» امپریالیستی. از میان تمام طبقات جامعه سرمایه داری، این لومپن/پرولتاریا است که قدیمی ترین تئوری را به خود متصل کرده است. فقط تکه های تئوری، واقعا. هنوز هم توسط بسیاری از سوسیالیست‌ها به‌عنوان یک «طبقه» کوچک و حاشیه‌ای، شاید یا شاید نه، بدبخت و تا حد زیادی برای تغییرات انقلابی بی‌اهمیت تصور می‌شود. اما امروز لومپن ها به بازیگران اصلی بحران های سیاسی چپ و راست تبدیل شده اند. این چیزی است که باید برداشت شود، مهم نیست که چقدر در لمس سفید و داغ است. «طبقه خطرناک» و تئوری انقلابی جی. ساکای، اولین کاوش عمده در مورد بحث برانگیزترین و کم فهم ترین «غیر طبقاتی» در سیاست انقلابی است. این تلاشی برای باز کردن گره از پازل است. این شامل رشته های جنایت و همچنین جنسیت، شکستن مرزهای اجتماعی و خوردن تلخ ترین سیاست طبقاتی است. نویسنده در همه زمان‌ها شکل‌گیری نظریه چپ در این «طبقه خطرناک» را با شعله‌های بزرگراهی تجارب خود و مهم‌تر از آن جنگ‌های خشونت‌آمیز آزادی‌بخش 1950-1960 مورد بازجویی قرار می‌دهد. با این حال، این یک خاطره نیست، بلکه توضیحی است درباره اینکه چگونه تئوری طبقاتی ضد سرمایه داری در حالی که داغ است، چکش می شود. از روز مارکس

توضیحاتی درمورد کتاب به خارجی

The crisis of revolutionary theory right now is that it’s plain too old and obsolete. Meaning that in practice it’s largely unusable. This is understood as a practical reality, and we usually leave revolutionary theory behind us in the attic when people go out to play. Nowhere is this more true than when it comes to the lumpen/proletariat, that most dramatic, most elusive of maybe-­or-­maybe-­not “classes.” This matters because the revolutionary movement and the lumpen have a much longer and more involved relationship than we’ve fully owned up to. Whether revolutionaries think it’s good or not, the lumpen are going to play a big part in everyone’s future. No better place, then, to start remaking the tool of theory. Criminalization is a basic condition of our paradoxically growing yet collapsing, glittering but increasingly decaying late capitalism. Shaping the zone of the poorest and most exploited in postmodern society, the zone of the dispossessed that everyone knows of. Here it’s often called the inner city or the rez. Same same as elsewhere it’s called the favela or the ghetto, the bantustan or banlieue. Every capitalist nation or society has its own name for it; it’s always different and always the same, because it is where the dispossessed have to gather, to live and struggle to survive. It’s where criminality is out front and where the lumpen/proletariat are mass produced as jagged fragments or strata of “partial-­class.” While the lumpen fall from all classes, it is in these zones of the dispossessed that they reach an open and mass character. That they themselves can take over the life of parts of the neighborhood and make it “home.” Out of this enduring culture and criminalization of the zone, lumpen/proletarians are constantly being made in larger and larger numbers even in the most technologically advanced and affluent nations of imperialist “civilization.” Of all the classes of capitalist society, it is the lumpen/proletariat that has the most outdated theory attached to it. Just scraps of theory, really. Still pictured by many socialists as a small and marginal maybe-­or-­maybe-­not “class,” wretched and largely unimportant to revolutionary change. But today the lumpen have become major players in the political crises of both left and right. This is something that has to be picked up, no matter how white-­hot to the touch. J. Sakai’s ground-breaking The “Dangerous Class” and Revolutionary Theory: Thoughts on the Making of the Lumpen/Proletariat is the first major exploration of this most controversial and least understood “non-class” in revolutionary politics. It is an attempt to unknot the puzzle. It encompasses the threads of criminality as well as gender, of breaking social boundaries and eating the bitterest of class politics. At all times, the author interrogates the forming of left theory on this “dangerous class” by the highway flare of his own experiences, and more importantly the mass violent liberation wars of the 1950s-1960s. This is not a memoir, though, but an explanation of how anti-capitalist class theory is hammered out while red-hot. From the day Marx & Engels’ Communist Manifesto first lit up the “dangerous class” of jumbled criminals and outcasts on the far margins of society—those stickup-boys and sex workers and thieves and mercenaries whom they named the lumpen/proletariat–radicals have been uncertain what their role should be, and even how they should be discussed. In no other area of the class structure has there been such widely divergent anti-capitalist viewpoints. Who are allies, who are enemies? While great 20th century rebels of the capitalist periphery from Mao Z to Huey Newton forced the sharp evolution of left work with the lumpen, the general uncertainty has only persisted. Confusing not only our immediate practice but even larger anti-capitalist theory about class politics. Sakai’s work comes at a time when there has been renewed interest in politically locating the lumpen—as they assume a larger and larger role at the cutting edge of world upheaval. The “Dangerous Class” and Revolutionary Theory is not only novel for its subject but in its approach. The author shows how the vulgar “socialist” picture of noble working people on one side of a divide and unsavory criminals and outcasts on the other, has never been true. But, rather, that the emerging outcast lumpen/proletariat and the new capitalist lower working class that they painfully grew out of—were both criminalized at birth in the rise of euro-capitalism. In all this, Sakai follows the actual “non-class” development of the lumpen in capitalism alongside the development of left theory on these declassed elements. The “Dangerous Class” and Revolutionary Theory starts with the paper of that name, on the birth of the modern lumpen/proletariat in the 18th and 19th centuries and the storm cloud of revolutionary theory that has always surrounded them. Going back and piecing together both the actual social reality and the analyses primarily of Marx but also Bakunin and Engels, the paper shows how Marx’s class theory wasn’t something static. His views learned in quick jumps, and then all but reversed themselves in several significant aspects. While at first dismissing them in the Communist Manifesto as “that passively rotting mass” at the obscure lower depths, Marx soon realized that the lumpen could be players at the very center of events in revolutionary civil war. Even at the center in the startling rise of new regimes. Like his was at times almost a post-modern understanding. The second part takes over on the flip side of the book, in the detailed paper Mao Z’s Revolutionary Laboratory and the Role of the Lumpen Proletariat. This, too, is ground-breaking work. If the major revolutionary theory we have about the lumpen was first roughly assembled in 19th century Europe, these ideas weren’t put to the test then. As Sakai points out, the left’s euro-centrism here prevented it from realizing the obvious: that the basic theory from European radicalism was first fully tested not there or here but in the Chinese Revolution of 1921-1949. Under severely clashing political lines in the left, the class analysis finally used by Mao Z was shaken out of the shipping crate from Europe and then modified to map the organizing of millions over a prolonged generational revolutionary war. One could hardly wish for a larger test tube, and the many lessons to be learned from this mass political experience are finally put on the table. In addition, there are also two lively Addendums: The first is an informal correspondence, a back and forth of questions raised by an early draft of The “Dangerous Class” and Revolutionary Theory, between the book’s editor and J. Sakai. It starts with the question of how to place the traditional gay community in this? The second Addendum is a reprint of J. Sakai’s 1976 covert intelligence paper, “U.S. Experiment Using Black “Gangs” to Repress Black Community Rebellions” (circulated under the earlier title “The Lumpenproletariat and Repression”). There is both an extensive Foreword explaining the politics and circumstances that led to this paper, as well as an Afterword explaining how the education paper was used and some critical reaction to it.

فهرست مطالب

prologue: “science” and “theory” i
1. re-starting at the margins 1
2. lumpen—german: shred, damaged, miscreant,
as in broken-proletariat or feral-proletariat 10
3. uncertain cast of characters 13
4. theoretical split: who is on the edge of rebellion or betrayal? 16
5. forensic analysis of suspect: k. marx 21
6. evolution of left views on lumpen 34
7. women interpenetrate lumpen/proletariat 36
8. theory mao tossed to us 45
9. rechecking original code 52
10. the class in hiding 80
11. the iron force-feeding funnel of the cash nexus 82
12. jane austen goes to school with the lumpen/proletariat 91
13. in mid-journey... some notes towards lessons 119
ADDENDUM / correspondence: kicking it around 127
endnotes 134

Mao Z's Revolutionary Laboratory
background / crazy-quilt of Chinese politics 147
1. theory mao tossed to us 155
2. imaginary “proletariats” & rural class differentiation 168
3. add theory & bring to boil 175
4. a mass laboratory of revolutionary crisis 179
5. social investigation finds lumpen/proletariat 182
6. mao’s xunwu social investigation built on work with lumpen 188
7. what happened in xingguo county 192
8. picking up the thread in xingguo county 201
9. soldiers, hooray! 213
10. naming the lumpen/proletariat 223
11. beggars/work the streets 227
12. practice kicks theory forward / as theory guides practice 233
13. lessons/drawing in pencil 251 postscript / coming home: reforming the lumpen/proletariat 261
end notes 269
appendix / blackstone rangers: u.s. experiment using “gangs” to repress black community rebellion 275

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