The Crust and Upper Mantle of the Pacific Area

Geophysical Monograph Series American Geophysical Union......Page 1
American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 12......Page 3
The Crust and Upper Mantle of the Pacific Area......Page 5
Foreword......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
MEASUREMENTS......Page 10
RESULTS......Page 13
DISCUSSION......Page 18
REFERENCES......Page 23
Temperature Profiles for the Continental and Oceanic Crust......Page 24
REFERENCES......Page 27
GENERAL GEOLOGY OF INDIA......Page 29
Kolar Gold Field......Page 31
Agnigundala Copper Belt......Page 32
Khetri Copper Belt......Page 33
BelampaUi Coat Field......Page 34
Jharia and Ranigunj Coal Fields......Page 37
Oil Fields at Naharkotiya and Moran......Page 38
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 39
REFERENCES......Page 41
SEISMICITY OF THE PACIFIC......Page 42
SEISMICITY AND THE NATURE OF THE GEOID OVER THE PACIFIC......Page 43
SEISMICITY, THE GEOID, AND TERRESTRIAL HEAT FLOW OVER THE PACIFIC......Page 45
REFERENCES......Page 46
CHANGE OF MAXIMUM MAGNITUDE OF EARTHQUAKES WITH DEPTH......Page 47
THE AMPLITUDE CURVES......Page 51
DISTRIBUTION OF THEMAGMA-FORMATION AREAS......Page 52
REFERENCES......Page 53
INTRODUCTION......Page 55
THOMPSON TEST AND ITS APPLICATIONTO SEISMICITY......Page 56
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OFAFTERSHOCK ACTIVITY......Page 58
AREAL CONCENTRATION OF AFTERSHOCK ENERGYAND FOCAL MECHANISM OF AFTERSHOCKS......Page 61
CONCLUSION......Page 62
REFERENCES......Page 63
Seismicity of Island Arcs and Other Arc Tectonic Regionsof the Circum-Pacific Zone......Page 64
REFERENCES......Page 73
NEW EVIDENCE......Page 74
TIME BETWEEN PEAKS......Page 77
MECHANISM......Page 78
SYNTHESIS OF POWER-LEVEL VARIATION......Page 79
DIRECTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY......Page 80
REFERENCES......Page 81
INTRODUCTION......Page 83
Profile 01: Puntchesakut Lake South-Southeastto Merritt, 1965......Page 85
Profile 03: Merritt North-Northwest to Puntchesakut,1964......Page 87
Model A......Page 90
Model B......Page 92
.GRAVITY OBSERVATIONS......Page 93
SUMMARY......Page 94
REFERENCES......Page 95
PROCEDURE......Page 96
Field Work in February and March 1966......Page 97
Measurements in Molokai Channel......Page 99
Line Nemo......Page 102
Line Oz......Page 103
Hawaiian Arch Lines P-3, Q-2, T-I......Page 106
Area South of the Hawaiian RidgeLines X, V, Y......Page 107
Variations in Crustal Thickness in theHawaiian Area......Page 108
REFERENCES......Page 113
FIELD PROCEDURE......Page 114
TRAVEL TIME DATA......Page 116
APLANATIC SURFACE METHOD......Page 118
DISCUSSION......Page 120
REFERENCES......Page 122
Deep Seismic Sounding in the Transition Zonesfrom Continents to Oceans......Page 124
PROBLEMS OF RESOLUTION OF THE CRUSTAL LAYERS......Page 129
INVESTIGATION OF THE M DISCONTINUITYAND THE UPPER MANTLE......Page 130
REFERENCES......Page 131
Deep Structure, Properties of the......Page 133
REFERENCES......Page 141
Deep Seismic Sounding in the Vicinity of Sakhalin......Page 142
REFERENCES......Page 148
INTRODUCTION......Page 149
Opaque Layer......Page 150
THE EQUATORIAL......Page 154
THE NORTHEAST PACIFIC SEDIMENT BODY......Page 156
THE PHILIPPINE SEA......Page 161
THE SEDIMENTS OF THE DARWIN RISE......Page 163
EVIDENCE ABOUT THE AGE OF THE PACIFIC SEDIMENTS......Page 164
Hypothesis 1: Static Ocean Floor......Page 166
HyPothesisg 2: Continuous Spreading......Page 167
Hypothesis 3: Episodic Spreading......Page 169
DISCUSSION......Page 165
SUMMARY......Page 173
REFERENCES......Page 174
SYSTEMATlC VARIATIONS OF SEISMIC PROPERTIES......Page 176
VELOCITY-DEPTH DATA......Page 177
SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION......Page 185
REFERENCES......Page 187
RESULTS OF STUDIES ON THE DECCAN TRAPS......Page 189
RESULTS OF STUDIES ON JURASSIC ROCKS......Page 192
Tirupati Sandstones......Page 193
Kamthi Sandstones of Upper Permian Age......Page 194
STUDIES OF PRECAMBRIAN FORMATIONS......Page 196
REFERENCES......Page 197
INTRODUCTION......Page 198
MARINE MAGNETIC SURVEYS AROUND THE JAPAN TRENCH AND THE YAMATO BANK IN THE SEA OF JAPAN......Page 199
MARINE MAGNETIC SURVEYS ALONG THE JAPAN TRENCH OFF THE COAST OF NORTHEASTERN HONSHU......Page 200
AEROMAGNETIC SURVEYS OVER VOLCANOES......Page 202
AIRBORNE MAGNETIC SURVEYS IN THE SEAS NEAR JAPAN......Page 209
REFERENCES......Page 211
REFERENCE......Page 212
INTRODUCTION......Page 218
RESIDUAL TOTAL FORCE MAGNETIC FIELD......Page 224
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE RESIDUAL TOTALFORCE MAGNETIC ANOMALmS......Page 227
MAGNETIZATION OF VOLCANIC CONESAND DOMES......Page 232
SOURCES OF THE MAGNETIC ANOMALIES......Page 234
The Okataina and Tarawera Volcanic Centers......Page 236
The Wairakei Geothermal Field......Page 237
CONCLUSIONS......Page 238
REFERENCES......Page 239
INTRODUCTION......Page 241
REDUCTION OF THE MAGNETIC DATA......Page 242
THE MAGNETIC ANOMALY LINEATIONS AND THEIR GEOLOGIC ASSOCIATIONS......Page 245
MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY EMPLOYED......Page 258
ESTIMATION OF DEPTH AND CONFIGURATION......Page 259
RELATION TO BATHYMETRY IN THEAREA STUDIED......Page 267
THE GROSS TECTONIC PATTERN......Page 272
CONCLUSIONS......Page 273
REFERENCES......Page 275
INTRODUCTION......Page 277
METHODS......Page 278
GRAVITY ANOMALY MAPS......Page 282
THE REGIONAL GRAVITY FIELD......Page 284
CONCLUSIONS......Page 285
REFERENCES......Page 293
Main Gravity Trends......Page 294
Savo Volcano and the Florida Group Figure 3......Page 297
Sun Cristobd Figure 4......Page 298
Malaita Figure 5......Page 299
The New Georgia Group Figure 10......Page 300
CONCLUSIONS......Page 302
REFERENCES......Page 304
THE SOUTHWESTERN LINE......Page 305
CRUSTAL STRUCTURES ALONG TWO LINES......Page 307
DISCUSSION......Page 308
REFERENCES......Page 309
INTRODUCTION......Page 310
METHOD OF ANALYSIS......Page 313
OBSERVED PROFILE RELATIONS......Page 321
SUMMARY OF PROFILES......Page 327
CORRELATION STUDIES......Page 328
Relation of Mean Crustal Velocity to MantleVelocity......Page 329
Relation of Elevation of Crust-Mantle Znterfacesand Mantle Velocity......Page 330
Relation of Crust-Mantle Density Contrast toMantle Velocity......Page 331
APPENDIX DENSITY EQUIVALENTS FOR SEISMIC VELOCITY VALUES......Page 334
REFERENCES......Page 337
Geodetic Measurements for the Study ofCrustal Movements......Page 340
REFERENCES......Page 343
TERRESTRIAL HEAT FLOW DATA......Page 344
COMMENTS ON HEAT FLOW DATA......Page 348
GEOMAGNETIC DATA......Page 350
COMMENTS ON MAGNETIC DATA......Page 352
REFERENCES......Page 359
GRAVITY ANOMALIES......Page 362
MAGNETIC ANOMALIES......Page 364
SOUTHERN KURILS......Page 366
SUMMARY......Page 372
REFERENCES......Page 373
BACKGROUND......Page 374
Coleman [19661967a, b, c] later added:......Page 375
REDUCTIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO THE DATA......Page 378
EVALUATION OF THE RELIABILITY OF THE OBSERVATIONS......Page 381
Magnetic Anomalies......Page 382
GENERAL REMARKS ON THE GRAVITY, MAGNETIC, AND BATHYMETRIC PROFILES......Page 391
PRELIMINARY INTERPRETATION OF GRAVITY RESULTS......Page 385
CONCLUSIONS FROM GRAVITY STUDIES......Page 401
CONCLUSIONS FROM MAGNETIC STUDIES......Page 403
REFERENCES......Page 404
Volcanism as an Agent of Formation of the Earth's Crust......Page 406
REFERENCES......Page 415
CHLORINE CONTENT OF ROCKS......Page 416
MIGRATION OF CHLORINE FROM THE MANTLE TO THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH......Page 418
CONCLUSION......Page 419
REFERENCES......Page 420
Developments in Volcanic Gas Research in Hawaii1......Page 421
METHODS......Page 422
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 423
REFERENCES......Page 431
GEOLOGIC SETTING......Page 432
INTRUSIVE ROCKS......Page 433
TIME RELATIONS......Page 436
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 437
REFERENCES......Page 439
TRUNCATION OF CONTINENTS......Page 440
AGAINST CONTINENTAL DRIFT......Page 441
EVIDENCES OF OCEANIZATION......Page 442
MECHANISM OF OCEANIZATION......Page 444
MAIN TRENDS IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE TECTONOSPHERE......Page 446
REFERENCES......Page 448
On the Nature of the Conjugation Zone between the Asiatic Continent and the Pacific Ocean......Page 451
REFERENCES......Page 456
Tectonics of the Upper Parts of the Mantle under Geosynclines and Island Arcs......Page 457
REFERENCES......Page 463
Structure of the Folded Areas and RecentGeosynclines of the Okhotsk Area......Page 464
REFERENCES......Page 471
OROGENIC BELTS OF THE PRE-ISLAND-ARC STAGE......Page 472
TECTOGENETIC MOVEMENTS RELATED TO THE FORMATION OF ISLAND ARCS......Page 474
REFERENCES......Page 476
INTRODUCTION......Page 477
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE......Page 478
Elastic Wave Velocities......Page 479
Variation of Ultrasonic Velocities in Rocks......Page 480
Mineral Content of Indian Books......Page 484
Laboratory and Field Velocity......Page 485
CONCLUSIONS......Page 486
REFERENCES......Page 487
INTRODUCTION......Page 489
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 490
De,nsit.y-Velocity Relationships for Basalts atAtmospheric Conditions......Page 493
Velocity Anisotropy......Page 494
Effect of Porosity on Elastic Moduli......Page 495
Velocity Measurements on Basalts to TenKilobars......Page 496
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 502
REFERENCES......Page 503
Geophysical Aspects of the Problems of Elastic and ElectricalProperties of Rocks at Pressures up to Tens of Kilobars......Page 505
REFERENCES......Page 509