The COVID-19 - Health Systems Nexus: Emerging Trends, Issues and Dynamics in Zimbabwe

Peer Review Process
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Editors
About the Contributors
Part I: Introduction
	Chapter 1: Introduction: COVID-19-Health Systems Nexus—The Trends and Dynamics
		1.1 Background
		1.2 Global Health Systems: An Overview
		1.3 The COVID-19-Global Health Systems Nexus
		1.4 The African Context
		1.5 The COVID-19-Health Systems Nexus: The Zimbabwe Experience
		1.6 Materials and Methods
		1.7 Book Outline
		References
Part II: Health System Dynamics in a COVID-19 Environment
	Chapter 2: The COVID-19 Pandemic in Zimbabwe: A Spatial and Temporal Perspective
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Materials and Methods
		2.3 Presentation of Results
			2.3.1 Spatial Distribution of COVID-19 Cases
			2.3.2 Temporal Trend of COVID-19 in Zimbabwe
		2.4 Discussion
			2.4.1 Spatial Pattern
			2.4.2 Temporal Trends of COVID-19
		2.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 3: Public Safety and Health Systems in the Context of COVID-19 in Zimbabwe: Gaps and Prospects
		3.1 Introduction and Background
		3.2 Conceptualising Public Safety-Health Systems
		3.3 Safety Systems and Health Systems in Zimbabwe: An Overview
		3.4 Methodology
		3.5 Results and Discussions
			3.5.1 State of Public Emergency
			3.5.2 Public Health Systems Amid COVID-19
			3.5.3 Public Safety and COVID-19 Pandemic
			3.5.4 Public Health Systems and Public Safety Systems: Nexus
			3.5.5 Law Enforcement and COVID-19 Pandemic
			3.5.6 Crimes and Safety of Individuals and Property
			3.5.7 Outdoor Activities, Crime and COVID-19
			3.5.8 Citizens’ Safety and Health as Fundamental Human Rights
			3.5.9 Community Policing Amid COVID-19: In Need of Partnerships?
			3.5.10 Towards Public Safety-Health Behavioural Approaches
			3.5.11 Entwining Public Health and Public Safety
		3.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
	Chapter 4: Devolution as a Health Governance Paradigm Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic in Zimbabwe: Convergences and Divergences
		4.1 Introduction
			4.1.1 Devolution in Theory
			4.1.2 Devolved Governance in Zimbabwe: Brief Overview
			4.1.3 Zimbabwe’s Devolved Emergency and Disaster Risk Governance
				4.1.3.1 Health System Devolved Governance in Zimbabwe
		4.2 Research Design and Methodology
		4.3 Results and Discussion
			4.3.1 Devolution and Public Health in Zimbabwe
			4.3.2 Central and Local Governments’ Responses: Decision Space on Health Matters?
			4.3.3 Local Authorities and the Provision of Health Critical Infrastructure
			4.3.4 Fiscal Devolution and Health Services Financing
			4.3.5 Health Entities, Local Autonomy and Decision Space
			4.3.6 Quarantine, Isolation, Testing and Contact Tracing
			4.3.7 Localised Lockdowns
			4.3.8 Community Public Health Actions: Networks and Local-Level Solutions
			4.3.9 Public Accountability and Efficiency: Checks and Balances
			4.3.10 Local Democracy in COVID-19 Control
			4.3.11 ‘Universal’ Health Coverage Problematic
			4.3.12 The Limitations of Devolution Model on COVID-19 Curtailment
		4.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
	Chapter 5: Global COVID-19 Pandemic: A Strategic Opportunity for Operationalizing One Health Approach in Zimbabwe
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 One Health Concept
			5.2.1 Benefits of One Health Approach
		5.3 One Health in Practice
			5.3.1 Global Level
			5.3.2 Regional Level
			5.3.3 One Health Implementation Challenges and Gaps
		5.4 Methods
		5.5 Results
			5.5.1 One Health Initiatives in Zimbabwe
				5.5.1.1 Participation in International One Health Programmes
				5.5.1.2 OH Antimicrobial Resistance National Action Plan
				5.5.1.3 SAFE Project
				5.5.1.4 PACMAN Project
				5.5.1.5 Cross-Sectoral Zoonotic Committees
			5.5.2 Opportunities for a Holistic One Health Approach in Zimbabwe
				5.5.2.1 Relevant Legal and Institutional Framework
				5.5.2.2 Open-Source Database Management Systems and Geospatial Technology
				5.5.2.3 Existing Cross-Border Initiatives
			5.5.3 Constraints for a Holistic One Health Approach in Zimbabwe
				5.5.3.1 Resource-Limited Public Health System
				5.5.3.2 Limited Capacity of Animal Health Systems
				5.5.3.3 Increased Human-Animal-Ecosystem Interface
				5.5.3.4 WASH Challenges
				5.5.3.5 Risk Cultural and Behavioural Practices
		5.6 Discussion
		5.7 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 6: An Analysis of the Dynamics of COVID-19 Pandemic in Zimbabwe Using the Extended SEIR Model with Treatment and Quarantine
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Literature Review
		6.3 Methods
			6.3.1 Model Background
			6.3.2 The Model Equations
				6.3.2.1 Assumptions
				6.3.2.2 Analysis of the Equilibrium Points
				6.3.2.3 The Disease-Free Equilibrium Point
				6.3.2.4 Equilibria
		6.4 Results
		6.5 Discussion
		6.6 Limitations
		6.7 Conclusion and Recommendations
		References
	Chapter 7: Indigenous Health Practices and Lifestyles: Can They Help Zimbabwe Transform Its Health Systems in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic?
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Overview of Indigenous Health Practices
		7.3 Indigenous Lifestyles/Culture
			7.3.1 Religion
			7.3.2 Sunbathing and Fire Warming
			7.3.3 Diet
			7.3.4 Handshaking
			7.3.5 Social Gatherings
		7.4 Analysis of Transformation of Health Systems
			7.4.1 Hand Hygiene
			7.4.2 Herbal Remedies
			7.4.3 Diet
			7.4.4 Indigenous Lifestyles/Culture
		7.5 Conclusion
		7.6 Future Perspectives and Research Directions
		References
	Chapter 8: Virtual Communities in Supporting Access to Health Services During COVID-19 Pandemic: The Implications and Impact on Zimbabwe’s Health System
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Literature Review
		8.3 Theoretical Framework
		8.4 Research Methodology
		8.5 Findings and Discussion
			8.5.1 Implications and Impact of VHCs
			8.5.2 Limitations of the Study
		8.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
Part III: COVID-19 Restrictive Measures and Related Impacts
	Chapter 9: Decongesting Global Cities as Part of Health Reform in the Era of COVID-19: Impacts and Implications for Zimbabwe
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Literature Review
			9.2.1 Cities and Outbreaks of Pandemics in the Twenty-First Century
			9.2.2 COVID-19 and the City Connection
		9.3 Methodology
		9.4 Results
		9.5 Discussion
		9.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 10: Deciphering Synergies and Trade-Offs Between COVID-19 Measures and the Progress Towards SDG 15-Life on Land in Zimbabwe
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Literature Background
		10.3 Materials and Methods
		10.4 Findings
		10.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 11: The Impact of COVID-19 on Economic Development in Zimbabwe: Implications on the Health Delivery System
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Literature Review
		11.3 Materials and Methods
			11.3.1 Study Area
			11.3.2 Data Collection
			11.3.3 Data Analysis
		11.4 Results and Discussion
		11.5 Discussion
		11.6 Conclusion
		References
Part IV: Vaccine Uptake and Diplomacy
	Chapter 12: COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy: Interrogating the Trends, Dynamics and Implications for the Health Delivery System in Zimbabwe
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Literature Review
			12.2.1 Vaccine Development and Distribution
			12.2.2 Vaccine Hesitancy: An Overview
			12.2.3 The Drivers of Vaccine Hesitancy in Zimbabwe
		12.3 Materials and Methods
			12.3.1 Study Area
			12.3.2 Research Design and Data Collection
		12.4 Results and Discussion
			12.4.1 Evidence of Vaccine Hesitancy
			12.4.2 Likelihood of Vaccination
			12.4.3 Determinants of Vaccine Hesitancy
		12.5 Discussion
		12.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
	Chapter 13: The Complexities of Public Health Communication on COVID-19 Vaccination in the Social Media Era: Implications on Zimbabwe’s Health System
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Literature Review and Conceptual Framework
			13.2.1 Public Health Campaigns and Anti-Vaccination (‘Anti-Vax’) Campaigns
			13.2.2 The Networked Public Sphere and the ‘Parallel Market of information’
		13.3 Methodology
		13.4 Findings and Discussion
			13.4.1 Messages and Complexities to Public Health Communication
				13.4.1.1 Religiosity Specifically Religious Discourse on Vaccines
				13.4.1.2 The Main Motive Behind the Virus and Vaccines Is Commercial Purpose/Gain
				13.4.1.3 Mistrust or Suspicion of Political Manipulation by the Government
				13.4.1.4 General Mistrust of Vaccines – Vaccine Safety
			13.4.2 Implications for Health Delivery
		13.5 Conclusion and Recommendations
		References
	Chapter 14: COVID-19 Vaccine Diplomacy: Tracking the Chinese, Indian and Russian Global Pathways and Undertones
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Literature Review
		14.3 Materials and Methods
		14.4 Presentation and Discussion of Results
			14.4.1 COVID-19 Vaccine Diplomacy from China
			14.4.2 COVID-19 Vaccine Diplomacy from India
			14.4.3 COVID-19 Vaccine Diplomacy from Russia
		14.5 Conclusions
		References
Part V: Conclusion
	Chapter 15: The COVID-19-Health Systems Nexus: Conclusions, Emerging Trends, Key Findings and Policy Implications
		15.1 Introduction and Background
			15.1.1 Access to Health Care and Interaction with SDGs
			15.1.2 Impacts on Vulnerable Communities and Management of Health Systems
			15.1.3 Impacts on Africa’s Heath System
		15.2 Key Findings
			15.2.1 Health system Dynamics in a COVID-19 Environment
			15.2.2 COVID-19 Restrictive Measures and Related Impacts
			15.2.3 Vaccine Uptake and Diplomacy
		15.3 Policy Implications
		References
Index