The Coronavirus Crisis and Challenges to Social Development: Global Perspectives

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Contributors
About the Editors
Part I: Analysis: Social Issues and the COVID-19 Pandemic
	1: COVID and Social Work Voices from India and Australia: Strategic and Meaningful Solidarities for Global Justice
		1.1	 Introduction: A World Turned Upside Down
		1.2	 Turning Around Dominance of Health Responses
		1.3	 Methodology
		1.4	 People and the State: Migrants, Refugees, and Citizens
		1.5	 Women, Mobility, and Violence
		1.6	 Digital Divide: Access to Communities and Social Work Practice
		1.7	 Role of Social Workers: Relief and Systemic Interventions
		1.8	 Conclusion
		References
	2: Examining Decent Work During COVID-19: With Reference to Female Migrant Workers in South Asia
		2.1	 Introduction
		2.2	 Review of Related Literature
			2.2.1	 Impact of Pandemic on Migrant Workers
			2.2.2	 Impact of Pandemics on Women Migrant Workers
		2.3	 Impact Assessment of COVID-19 on Women Migrant Workers in India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Bangladesh
			2.3.1	 India
			2.3.2	 Nepal
			2.3.3	 Bangladesh
			2.3.4	 Pakistan
			2.3.5	 Summary of Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Women Migrant Workers
		2.4	 Decent Work, COVID-19 Pandemic, and Women Migrant Workers
			2.4.1	 Decent Work: The Concept
			2.4.2	 COVID-19 Pandemic and Decent Work
				2.4.2.1	 Employment Conditions and Workplace Rights
				2.4.2.2	 Social Protection (Social Security and Occupational Safety and Health)
				2.4.2.3	 Social Dialogue
			2.4.3	 Policy Response by Countries
		2.5	 Social Work, COVID-19 Pandemic, and Women Migrant Workers
		2.6	 Conclusion
		References
	3: The Impact of COVID-19 on the ‘Culture of Deportation’ for Refugees from African Countries in Germany
		3.1	 Introduction
		3.2	 Culture of Deportation
		3.3	 Impact of the ‘Culture of Deportation’ on African Refugees in Germany
			3.3.1	 Threat of Deportation as a Legal Barrier to Participation in Society
			3.3.2	 Physical Insecurity
			3.3.3	 Status Insecurity and Threat of Deportation as a Cause for Mental Disorders
		3.4	 Impact of the ‘Culture of Deportation’ on Involuntary Returnees in African Countries
			3.4.1	 Forceful Discontinuation of a Stage of Life
			3.4.2	 Disconnection from Local Communities and Barriers to Reintegration
		3.5	 Impact of COVID-19 on the ‘Culture of Deportation’
			3.5.1	 Suspension and Continuation of Deportations
			3.5.2	 Health Risks
			3.5.3	 Lack of Information and Counselling
		3.6	 The Role of International Social Work
		3.7	 Discussion
		References
	4: Corona Challenging Social Work in Korea and Vietnam
		4.1	 Introduction
		4.2	 Korea
			4.2.1	 COVID-19 Outbreak in Korea
			4.2.2	 Main Impacts of the Pandemic
				4.2.2.1	 Travel Restrictions
				4.2.2.2	 Isolation and Quarantine
				4.2.2.3	 Contact Tracing
				4.2.2.4	 Social Distancing
				4.2.2.5	 Treatment
				4.2.2.6	 State Planning and Public and Private Cooperation
				4.2.2.7	 Economy
			4.2.3	 Role of Social Work in Korea During the Pandemic
		4.3	 Vietnam
			4.3.1	 Role of Social Work
		4.4	 Conclusion
		References
	5: COVID-19 Safety Measures and Socioeconomic Status in Urban Zimbabwe
		5.1	 Introduction
		5.2	 Mobility, A Global Pandemic, and Zimbabwe’s Reaction
		5.3	 Socioeconomic Status and Access to Information
		5.4	 Mobility-Based Livelihoods, Precarity, and the Lockdown
		5.5	 Physical Space, Personal Hygiene, and COVID-19
		5.6	 Conclusion
		References
	6: Face Mask Wearing in Kampala, Uganda
		6.1	 Introduction
		6.2	 Data and Methods
		6.3	 Results
			6.3.1	 Distribution of Respondents
			6.3.2	 Proportion of Respondents Wearing a Face Mask in Public Spaces to Prevent COVID-19 Infection
			6.3.3	 Relationship Between Selected Variables and Knowledge, Perception of Risk to COVID-19 Infection, and the Efficacy of Face Masks
			6.3.4	 Determinants of Knowledge, Perception of Risk to COVID-19 Infection, and Efficacy of Face Masks
		6.4	 Discussion
		6.5	 Conclusions
		6.6	 Limitations
		6.7	 Recommendations
		References
	7: Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Responses on Persons with Disabilities Including Psychosocial Disabilities in the Global South: The Case of Ghana
		7.1	 Introduction
			7.1.1	 Impact of the Global Pandemic on PWDs
			7.1.2	 Economic Challenges
			7.1.3	 Educational Challenges
			7.1.4	 Healthcare Challenges
		7.2	 Provisions to Protect PWDs
		7.3	 Addressing Discrepancies in Emergency Responses
		7.4	 Recommendations and Conclusion
		References
	8: Lockdown in a Dual Society: Exploring the Human Capability Implications of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) in South Africa
		8.1	 Introduction
		8.2	 Conceptual Framework
		8.3	 South Africa: A Dual Economy in Transition
		8.4	 South Africa’s Dual Healthcare System
		8.5	 South Africa’s Socioeconomic Response to COVID-19
		8.6	 Human Capability During COVID-19: A Critical Analysis
		8.7	 Conclusion
		References
	9: The Exposition of the Stark Realities of an Unequal Society Based on the COVID-19 Pandemic
		9.1	 Introduction
		9.2	 Background on Inequality in South Africa
		9.3	 COVID-19 and Inequality in South Africa
			9.3.1	 Challenges in the Health Sector
			9.3.2	 COVID-19 Exposing the Impact of the Divide in the Education System
			9.3.3	 The Effects of the Business Shutdown on the Vulnerable Population
		9.4	 Socioeconomic COVID-19 Response by Government, Civil Society, Business, and Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) in South Africa
			9.4.1	 Civil Society and Ubuntu to Combat COVID-19
			9.4.2	 Business Responding to the Call to Combat COVID-19
			9.4.3	 NGOs: The Pulse of the Community During the Pandemic
			9.4.4	 Social Work Intervention as a Mechanism of Curbing the Effects of COVID-19
		9.5	 Adversities Versus Coping Mechanisms
		9.6	 Conclusion
		References
	10: The COVID-19 Crisis: Impact of Social Attitudes and Representations on Social Development in Sub-Saharan Africa
		10.1	 Introduction
		10.2	 Social Attitudes and Representations of Health and COVID-19
			10.2.1	 Concept of Attitude
			10.2.2	 Concept of Social Representations
			10.2.3	 Attitudes and Social Representations in the Study of Coronavirus
		10.3	 Cultural Representations and Practices
			10.3.1	 Cultural Dimension
				10.3.1.1	 The Ethnography of Greeting in Africa
				10.3.1.2	 Wearing a Face Mask
				10.3.1.3	 The Endogenous Approach to Diseases in Africa
			10.3.2	 The Impact on the Informal Economy
			10.3.3	 Social Inequalities in Relationship to COVID-19
		10.4	 Conclusion
		References
	11: Knowledge, Adherence, and the Lived Experiences of Refugees in COVID-19
		11.1	 Introduction and Background
			11.1.1	 Rationale for This Research
		11.2	 Methods
			11.2.1	 Key Findings
				11.2.1.1	 Knowledge and Awareness of COVID-19
				11.2.1.2	 COVID-Related Myths and Perceptions
				11.2.1.3	 Compliance to Preventive Guidelines and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
				11.2.1.4	 Implementers’ Interpretation and Enforcement Experiences
					Lessons Learnt
				11.2.1.5	 Community Resources, Systems, and Their Contribution in the COVID-19 Era
		11.3	 Conclusion
		11.4	 Recommendations
		11.5	 Implications for Social Work Practice
		References
	12: The Impact of COVID-19 Among the Vulnerable Population of Children and Youth in Lesotho: The Circle of Courage Perspective
		12.1	 Introduction
		12.2	 The Situation of Children and Youth in Lesotho
		12.3	 Circle of Courage
		12.4	 Sense of Belonging: COVID-19 Impact Analysis on Children and Youth in Lesotho
		12.5	 Mastery: COVID-19 Impact Analysis on Children and Youth in Lesotho
		12.6	 Independence: COVID-19 Impact Analysis on Children and Youth in Lesotho
		12.7	 Generosity: COVID-19 Impact Analysis on Children and Youth in Lesotho
		12.8	 Conclusion/Building Circle of Courage Through Resilience
		References
	13: Analysing the Situation of Migrants and Social Work Interventions in South Africa During the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic
		13.1	 Introduction
		13.2	 COVID-19 in South Africa: A Backdrop
		13.3	 Living Conditions of Migrants During the Lockdown
		13.4	 Xenophobia During a Pandemic
		13.5	 Social Workers Working with Migrants
		13.6	 Social Work Interventions Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic
		13.7	 Social Work and Migrants in a Post-COVID South Africa: A Call to Action
			13.7.1	 Human Rights, Social Work, and Migrants
			13.7.2	 Building Migrants’ Resilience
			13.7.3	 Enhancing Indigenous Social Work Practice
		13.8	 Conclusion
		References
	14: Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on International Migration in Brazil: Normative, Economic, and Social Issues
		14.1	 Introduction
		14.2	 Normative Analysis
		14.3	 Economic Analysis
		14.4	 Social Analysis
		14.5	 Perspectives
		14.6	 Final Remarks
		References
	15: From the Absence of Public Policies to a State of Emergency: The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Migrant Subject Condition
		15.1	 Introduction
		15.2	 The Migrant’s “Subject of Rights” Condition
		15.3	 Conclusion: State of Emergency Resulting from the Pandemic and the Absence of Public Policies for Migrants in Brazil
		Appendix
		References
	16: Social Justice in the Time of COVID-19: Transcend Borders—From the Micro to the Macro, from Patagonia Argentina to the World
		16.1	 Introduction
		16.2	 The Pandemic Challenges Us to Think of the Other as a Brother
		16.3	 Spearhead Social Justice
		16.4	 Social Work: Post-challenges
		16.5	 Conclusion
		References
	17: Colombian Women Between the Pandemic and Armed Conflict and Poverty
		17.1	 Introduction
		17.2	 Poverty and Illegal Armed Groups
		17.3	 Domestic Violence and Patriarchal Structures
		17.4	 Challenges for Social Work in Pandemic Times
		17.5	 Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
Part II: Strategies and Responses in Social Work: Globally and Locally
	18: Ecuador’s and Iran’s Response to Protect Refugees and Migrants in Vulnerable Situations During the COVID-19 Pandemic
		18.1	 Introduction
		18.2	 Part I: A Look at the Situation of Migrants and Refugees in Ecuador and Iran Before and During the Pandemic
		18.3	 Part II: Common Actions Adopted by Ecuador and Iran to Protect the Migrant and Refugee Population in the Framework of the COVID-19 Pandemic
			18.3.1	 In the Migration Field
			18.3.2	 In the Welfare Field
			18.3.3	 In the Field of International Cooperation
		18.4	 Part III: Analysis of the Measures of the Ecuadorian and Iranian States Implemented for Protecting Venezuelan and Afghan Migrants During the COVID-19 Pandemic
		18.5	 Discussion
		18.6	 Conclusions
		References
	19: “Am I an Essential Worker?” COVID-19 and (Re)shaping of the Social Work Profession in Uganda
		19.1	 Introduction
		19.2	 Social Work in Uganda: A Brief Overview
		19.3	 Methods and Sources of Data
		19.4	 Social Workers’ Experience of Being Excluded from the “Essential Services”
		19.5	 Why Social Work Was Not Considered Essential
		19.6	 Effect of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Social Work Services Functionality
		19.7	 Positive Contributions of Social Workers to the COVID-19 Response
		19.8	 Missed Opportunities and Missing Links as a Result of Excluding Social Workers
		19.9	 Positive Outcomes and Opportunities: More Recognition for Social Work?
		19.10	 Conclusions and Implications
		References
	20: Responses of Social Work Students and Teachers to COVID-19: Experiences from Crisis Relief in Urban Slum and Rural Communities of Maharashtra, India
		20.1	 Introduction
		20.2	 Corona Crisis: Background
		20.3	 The Indian Context
		20.4	 Project Jeevan Pravaah
		20.5	 Community Mapping
			20.5.1	 Initial Lack of Appropriate Information and Relief Work
			20.5.2	 Challenges in Raising Funds, Providing Relief, and Advocacy
			20.5.3	 Arranging Livelihood Documents
			20.5.4	 Women’s and Children’s Situation
			20.5.5	 Mental Health
		20.6	 Directions for the Future
			20.6.1	 Support for the Most Vulnerable: Women
			20.6.2	 Strengthen Local Self-Governance
			20.6.3	 Social Security Provision
			20.6.4	 Advocacy
		References
	21: COVID-19, Hyper Vulnerabilities, Silenced Traumas, and Colonial Scars: Social Work Scholars Engaging in Critical Dialogue with Racialized Communities
		21.1	 Introduction
		21.2	 Vulnerability, Colonial Scars, and the Resurfacing of Historic and Silenced Traumas
		21.3	 Methodological Approach
		21.4	 Our Testimonies
			21.4.1	 Sophie Hamisultane: Tensions of Being Directly Impacted Versus Fostering a Reflexive Process
			21.4.2	 The Recurrence of Vulnerability
				21.4.2.1	 Roxane Caron: Vulnerabilities and Trouble in the Insider/Outsider Positionality
				21.4.2.2	 COVID-19: Deepening Conditions Lived, Imposed, and Attributed
				21.4.2.3	 “I Am a White-Settler-Woman”
			21.4.3	 Edward Ou Jin Lee: Crisis Upon Crisis, Silenced Traumas, and the Insistence of Collective Survival
			21.4.4	 Mobilizing for Change Within Social Work Programs: How to Give Voice, How to Be Heard?
		21.5	 Discussion–Conclusion
			21.5.1	 Reflecting on the Question of Belonging, Borders, and Coloniality
		References
	22: The Kerala, India Experience of Facing the COVID-19 Pandemic
		22.1	 Introduction
		22.2	 The Model State and Its Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic
		22.3	 The Kerala Story of Development
		22.4	 Decentralized Governance and People’s Participation
		22.5	 Kudumbashree as the Subsystem of Local Governments
		22.6	 Conclusion
		References
	23: Responding to COVID-19 and Beyond: Key Recommendations for the Effective Public and Mental Health Response to Support the Well-Being of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in Australia
		23.1	 Preface
		23.2	 Introduction: The Role of Colonisation and Historical, Political, and Social Determinants of Health During Pandemics
		23.3	 COVID-19 and the Need to Mobilise
		23.4	 Public Health Responses to COVID-19
			23.4.1	 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Advisory Group (ATSIAG) on COVID-19
			23.4.2	 The Go8 ‘Roadmap to Recovery’ Report and the Care of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples
				23.4.2.1	 Core Recommendations of the ‘Roadmap to Recovery’ Report
					Support the Right to Self-Determination
					Increase Housing Supply and Access
					Maintain COVID-19 Public Health and Clinical Responses
					Implement Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Workforce Review
		23.5	 The Impact of COVID-19 on Mental Health and an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Recovery Plan
			23.5.1	 Recommendation 1: The Right to Self-determination
			23.5.2	 Recommendation 2: The Health and Mental Health Workforce
			23.5.3	 Recommendation 3: Social and Cultural Determinants of Health
			23.5.4	 Recommendation 4: Digital and Telehealth Inclusion with Immediate Attention to an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Helpline
			23.5.5	 Recommendation 5: Evaluation that Includes Indigenous Data Sovereignty
		23.6	 The Continuity of COVID-19: Where to from Here?
		References
	24: COVID-19 Pandemic in Nigeria: A Story Worth Telling from the Eyes of Social Workers
		24.1	 Introduction
		24.2	 The COVID-19 Experience and the Reality of the Nigerian Healthcare System
		24.3	 Government Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic
			24.3.1	 Prior Preparedness
			24.3.2	 Lockdown Measures and a Ban on Mass Gathering
			24.3.3	 Provision of Palliatives and Stimulus Packages
			24.3.4	 Fiscal Policy Measures
		24.4	 Private Sector Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic
		24.5	 Factors That Worsened the Spread of the Pandemic and Its Attendant Socioeconomic Crisis
			24.5.1	 Insufficient Palliatives/Faulty Distribution Pattern
			24.5.2	 Poverty
			24.5.3	 Illiteracy, Misinformation, and Distrust of the Government
			24.5.4	 Unclear Directives
			24.5.5	 Civil Unrest and Violence
		24.6	 The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Nigerians
		24.7	 The Nigerian Social Welfare System and the Place of Social Work Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic
		24.8	 Managing Post-COVID-19: New Paths for Social Workers
		24.9	 Conclusion
		References
	25: COVID-19 Pandemic and the Urban Poor: The Relevancy of Uganda’s Social Protection Measures
		25.1	 Introduction
			25.1.1	 Concepts Used in This Chapter
				25.1.1.1	 Urban Poor
				25.1.1.2	 Social Protection
				25.1.1.3	 Social Security
				25.1.1.4	 Social Assistance
		25.2	 Response to COVID-19 Crisis by the Government of Uganda
		25.3	 Social Protection During Pandemics
		25.4	 Social Protection Policies and Programmes in Uganda
		25.5	 Non-state Social Protection
		25.6	 Uganda’s Emergency Assistance During COVID-19
			25.6.1	 Food Relief
			25.6.2	 Suspending Disconnections of Utility Bills and Eviction of Tenants
		25.7	 Conclusion
		References
	26: Social Work as an Unwitting Enabler of Oppression and Disenfranchisement of the Masses: A Freirean Analysis of Social Workers’ Perspectives on the Government of Zimbabwe’s COVID-19 Response
		26.1	 Introduction
		26.2	 Social Work and Its Social Justice Mission
		26.3	 The Social Work, Politics, and Social Justice Nexus
		26.4	 Freire and Social Work
			26.4.1	 Critical Consciousness
			26.4.2	 No Room for Neutrality
			26.4.3	 Praxis
			26.4.4	 Critical Curiosity
			26.4.5	 Social Workers Must Be Competent
			26.4.6	 Impatient Patience
			26.4.7	 Understanding of the Limits of Social Work Practice
		26.5	 Methods
		26.6	 Presentation and Discussion of Findings
			26.6.1	 Suppression of Critical Views
			26.6.2	 ‘Political Neutrality’
			26.6.3	 Horizontal Violence
			26.6.4	 Oppressive Practice
		26.7	 Implications for Critical Social Work Practice
		26.8	 Conclusion
		References
	27: The Professional Practice of the Brazilian Social Worker: Problems About the Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic
		27.1	 Introduction
		27.2	 Constitutive Aspects of the Sanitary, Political, Economic, and Social Scenario in Brazil
		27.3	 Brazilian Social Work: Organization and Direction
		27.4	 Impacts on Professional Practice in Pandemic Times: Idiosyncrasy and Loneliness
		27.5	 Final Considerations
		References
	28: Front-Line Social Workers’ Practices Under the Political and Sanitary Crisis in Chile
		28.1	 Introduction
		28.2	 Chile’s Political and Social Climate Pre-COVID-19
		28.3	 Methodology
		28.4	 Results and Discussion
			28.4.1	 Employment Conditions
			28.4.2	 Neoliberalism and Program Changes
		28.5	 Conclusions
		Appendix (Table 28.3)
		References
Part III: Outlook: Looking Ahead Beyond the Pandemic
	29: Time for New Epistemological Inquiries, the Global South, and Resilience in the Time of COVID-19
		29.1	 We’ve Run Out of Air
		29.2	 Learning from the Virus
		29.3	 Approaches for Finding a Solution
			29.3.1	 The Collectivity
			29.3.2	 Safeguarding Life
			29.3.3	 When Subalterns Organize Themselves
			29.3.4	 The Hispanic Paradox
		29.4	 Epistemologies Are Relocating
	30: Decolonising Safeguarding During a Pandemic: Lessons for Research Praxis in International Social Work
		30.1	 Introduction
		30.2	 Methodology
		30.3	 Safeguarding Lessons in Praxis during COVID-19
			30.3.1	 Understanding the Concept
			30.3.2	 COVID-19 Safeguarding Impacts on Service Planning and Delivery
			30.3.3	 Power Dynamics and Capacity
		30.4	 The Urgency for Decolonising Safeguarding Praxis in International Social Work and Research
		30.5	 Results: Key Takeaways from Working in a Pandemic for Future Improvement
			30.5.1	 Co-Creating Safeguarding Policy and Practice
			30.5.2	 Co-Design and Project/Research Planning
			30.5.3	 Co-Design and co-Delivery
		30.6	 Conclusion: An Outlook for Future Critical and Political Social Work
		References
	31: Participatory Photography, Ethical Storytelling, and Modern Slavery Survivor Voices: Adapting to COVID-19
		31.1	 Key Findings
		31.2	 Research Context
		31.3	 Initial Project Aims and Expectations
		31.4	 The Impact of COVID-19 on the Project
			31.4.1	 Adaptations Made to Workshops in Kenya
		31.5	 Adaptations to Overall Project
			31.5.1	 Positive and Negative Consequences of Adaptation
		31.6	 Conclusion and Considerations for Future Projects
		References
	32: Social Work in the Time of a Pandemic: COVID-19 and the Need for Resilience-Critical Thinking
		32.1	 Introduction
		32.2	 Resilience Critique and Social Work in Times of COVID-19
			32.2.1	 A Brief Resilience-Critical View of Social Work and Its Systemic Relevance
		32.3	 Thoughts for Social Work in Times of COVID-19 and Beyond, Incorporating Critical Theory and Post-Modernism
			32.3.1	 Social Work from the Top and Related Difficulties During the COVID-19 Pandemic
			32.3.2	 No Resilience-Critical Social Work without Critical Thinking Canons
		32.4	 Ideas for the Development of Resilience-Critical Social Work in Times of Crisis
		32.5	 Conclusion
		References
	33: A Social Work and Social Development Perspective on the Need to Decolonise African Economies in Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons for Africa
		33.1	 COVID-19: A Health Crisis with Devastating Economic and Social Consequences
		33.2	 Poverty and Social Work
		33.3	 The Social Development Approach: An Antithesis to Neo-liberalism
			33.3.1	 Social Development Is an Approach That Goes Beyond the Narrow Confines of Social Work
			33.3.2	 Social Development Is Interventionist
			33.3.3	 Social Development Is Multisectoral
			33.3.4	 Social and Economic Development Are Interlinked Aspects
			33.3.5	 Social Development Is Universal and Inclusive
		33.4	 Rethinking Social Development: Lessons for a Post-COVID-19 Socioeconomic Agenda for Africa
			33.4.1	 The Current Global Economic Arrangements of Neo-liberalism Are Not Sustainable and Are Incompatible with Social Development
			33.4.2	 Globalisation Has Its Advantages But Makes Africa Vulnerable
			33.4.3	 African Countries Need to Delink from the Global Economy
			33.4.4	 Epistemic Delinking Is a Necessary Precursor to Economic and Political Delinking
			33.4.5	 Social Work Needs to Adopt a Radical Shift Towards a Community Development Bias to Meaningfully Contribute to Social Development
			33.4.6	 Address the Rural Development–Urban Divide
		33.5	 Conclusion
		References
	34: Critiquing Western Development Paradigms and Theories in the Age of the Coronavirus (COVID-19): An African Perspective
		34.1	 Introduction
		34.2	 The Quest to Develop Africa: Backdrop and Context
		34.3	 Theoretical Premises of the Chapter
			34.3.1	 Defining Development
			34.3.2	 Underdevelopment
			34.3.3	 Paradigms and Theories
		34.4	 The Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) and Africa’s Underdevelopment
		34.5	 COVID-19 and Development
		34.6	 Africa: A Curious Case for COVID-19
		34.7	 Proposals for an Alternative Development Agenda for Africa Post COVID-19
		34.8	 Conclusion
		References
	35: How Has Population Health Been Amplified Through Integrated Indigenous Community Networks? Opportunities During the COVID-19 Pandemic
		35.1	 Introduction
		35.2	 Indigenous Self-Determination for Emergency Response
		35.3	 Collectivity for the Amplification of Population Health
		35.4	 Challenges and Final Remarks
		References
	36: Soup Kitchens and Radical Social Work Against COVID-19 from Liberation Theology in Chile
		36.1	 Introduction
			36.1.1	 Chile 2020: Crisis of the Political-Economic Model, Constitutional Plebiscite, and Pandemic
			36.1.2	 COVID-19 and Food Safety
			36.1.3	 Radical Social Work
			36.1.4	 Grassroots Christian Movements and Liberation Theology in Chile
		36.2	 Villa Francia and La Legua
			36.2.1	 Cristo Liberador Community and the Soup Kitchen
			36.2.2	 Committee for the Defense and Promotion of Human Rights of La Legua and the Soup Kitchen
		36.3	 Method
		36.4	 Findings
			36.4.1	 Praxis Develops in the Public Space
			36.4.2	 Networks of Trust and Collaboration as the Basis of Radical Social Work in the Pandemic
			36.4.3	 The Possibility of Having Transformational Spaces
		36.5	 Conclusion
		References
	37: Overcoming the Socioeconomic Impacts of the Coronavirus Pandemic: Social Work Perspectives and Postcolonial Reflections from Ethiopia
		37.1	 Setting the Context: The Coronavirus Pandemic, Socioeconomic Instability, and Political Conflicts in East Africa and the Horn of Africa
		37.2	 Attempts to Develop Epistemologies of the South
		37.3	 Health Crisis in the Context of Colonial Continuities
		37.4	 Introduction to the Development of Social Work in Ethiopia
		37.5	 Effects of COVID-19 on Social Development and Social Work in Ethiopia
		37.6	 Empirical Data on COVID-19 Social Work Responses in Ethiopia
			37.6.1	 Methods: Data Collection and Analysis
			37.6.2	 Social Work in the Context of Multiple Crises: Voices of Social Workers from Ethiopia
			37.6.3	 Methodological Reflections from the Epistemologies of the South
		37.7	 Decolonial Interventions: Discursive Construction of Vulnerability and Victimhood of Africa and the Need for Postcolonial Political Reform from Below
		37.8	 Conclusions for Postcolonial Social Work Research and Practice
		References
	38: Concluding Remarks and Summation
		38.1	 Introduction
		38.2	 Key Issues Emanating from the Chapters
		38.3	 Future Prospects for a Post-COVID-19 World
		38.4	 Conclusion
Epilogue
Index